Editing Heteronormativity (section)

==Transgressions==
===Intersex people===
{{main|Intersex human rights|Intersex medical interventions}}
[[intersexuality|Intersex]] people have biological characteristics that are ambiguously either male or female. If such a condition is detected, intersex people in most present-day societies are almost always assigned a normative sex shortly after birth.<ref>Fausto-Sterling, Anne. 2000. Sexing the Body: Gender Politics and the Construction of Sexuality. New York: Basic Books.{{pn|date=February 2021}}</ref> Surgery (usually involving modification to the genitalia) is often performed in an attempt to produce an unambiguously male or female body, with the parents'—rather than the individual's—consent.<ref>[[Judith Butler|Butler, Judith]]. 2004. ''[[Undoing Gender]]''. New York: Routledge.</ref> The child is then usually raised and enculturated as a [[cisgender]] [[heterosexual]] member of the [[sex assignment|assigned sex]], which may or may not match their emergent [[gender identity]] throughout life or some remaining [[sex characteristics]] (for example, chromosomes, genes or internal sex organs).<ref>Wilchins, Riki. 2002. 'A certain kind of freedom: power and the truth of bodies – four essays on gender.' In GenderQueer: Voices from beyond the sexual binary. Los Angeles: Alyson Books 23–66.</ref>

===Transgender people===
Transgender people experience a mismatch between their [[gender identity]] and their [[Sex assignment|assigned sex]].<ref>[http://www.stroud.gov.uk/info/gender_equality_scheme.pdf Stroud District Council "Gender Equality SCHEME AND ACTION PLAN 2007"] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080227114158/http://www.stroud.gov.uk/info/gender_equality_scheme.pdf |date=27 February 2008 }}, defines the state of being ''transgender'' as "Non-identification with, or non-presentation as, the sex (and assumed gender) one was assigned at birth."</ref><ref name="glaad.org">Gay and Lesbian Alliance Against Defamation. [http://www.glaad.org/reference/transgender "GLAAD Media Reference Guide – Transgender glossary of terms"], "[[GLAAD]]", USA, May 2010. Retrieved on 24 February 2011. "An umbrella term for people whose gender identity and/or gender expression differs from what is typically associated with the sex they were assigned at birth."</ref><ref name="usi">"[https://web.archive.org/web/20080608075230/http://www.usilgbt.org/index.php?categoryid=35 USI LGBT Campaign – Transgender Campaign]" (retrieved 11 January 2012) defines ''transgender people'' as "People who were assigned a sex, usually at birth and based on their genitals, but who feel that this is a false or incomplete description of themselves."</ref> ''Transgender'' is also an [[umbrella term]] because, it includes [[trans men]] and [[trans women]] who may be [[gender binary|binary]] or non-binary, and also includes [[genderqueer]] people (whose identities are not exclusively masculine or feminine, but may, for example, be [[bigender]], [[pangender]], [[genderfluid]], etc.). Some authors also believe that the trans umbrella includes ''[[transsexual]]'' people, who have [[transitioning (transgender)|transition]]ed through hormonal replacement therapy and sex reassignment surgery.<ref name="glaad.org" /><ref name="Bilodeau">{{cite journal |last1=Bilodeau |first1=Brent |title=Beyond the Gender Binary: A Case Study of Two Transgender Students at a Midwestern Research University |journal=Journal of Gay & Lesbian Issues in Education |date=29 December 2005 |volume=3 |issue=1 |pages=29–44 |doi=10.1300/J367v03n01_05 |s2cid=144070536 }}</ref><ref name="Layton">{{cite journal |last1=Layton |first1=Lynne |title=In Defense of Gender Ambiguity: Jessica Benjamin. Gender & Psychoanalysis. I, 1996. Pp. 27-43 |journal=Psychoanalytic Quarterly |volume=67 |issue=2 |year=1998 |pages=341 |url=https://www.pep-web.org/document.php?id=paq.067.0341a}}</ref>

Other definitions include [[third-gender]] people as transgender or conceptualize transgender people as a third gender,<ref name="Stryker3G">Susan Stryker, Stephen Whittle, ''The Transgender Studies Reader'' ({{ISBN|1-135-39884-4}}), page 666: "The authors note that, increasingly, in social science literature, the term "third gender" is being replaced by or conflated with the newer term "transgender."</ref><ref name="Chrisler">Joan C. Chrisler, Donald R. McCreary, ''Handbook of Gender Research in Psychology'', volume 1 (2010, {{ISBN|1-4419-1465-X}}), page 486: "Transgender is a broad term characterized by a challenge of traditional gender roles and gender identity[. …] For example, some cultures classify transgender individuals as a third gender, thereby treating this phenomenon as normative."</ref> and infrequently the term is defined very broadly to include [[cross-dresser]]s.<ref name="ReisnerEtAl">{{cite journal |last1=Reisner |first1=Sari L. |last2=Conron |first2=Kerith |last3=Scout |first3=Nfn |last4=Mimiaga |first4=Matthew J. |last5=Haneuse |first5=Sebastien |last6=Austin |first6=S. Bryn |title=Comparing In-Person and Online Survey Respondents in the U.S. National Transgender Discrimination Survey: Implications for Transgender Health Research |journal=LGBT Health |date=June 2014 |volume=1 |issue=2 |pages=98–106 |doi=10.1089/lgbt.2013.0018 |pmid=26789619 }}</ref>

Some transgender people seek [[sex reassignment therapy]], and may not behave according to the gender role imposed by society. Some societies consider transgender behavior a crime worthy of capital punishment, including [[Saudi Arabia]]<ref>[http://www.ifge.org/news/1998/sept/nws9278.htm Saudis Arrest 5 Pakistani TGs]</ref> and many other nations. In some cases, gay or lesbian people were forced to undergo sex change treatments to "fix" their [[sex and gender]] in some [[Europe|European countries]] during the 20th century,<ref>[http://www.slate.com/id/2660/ The Unkindest Cut | The science and ethics of castration]</ref><ref>[http://www.glbtq.com/social-sciences/turing_a,2.html Turing, Alan (1912–1954)] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090901020647/http://www.glbtq.com/social-sciences/turing_a%2C2.html |date=1 September 2009 }}</ref> and in [[South Africa]] in the 1970s and 1980s.<ref>{{cite news |last1=McGreal |first1=Chris |title=Gays tell of mutilation by apartheid army |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2000/jul/29/chrismcgreal |work=The Guardian |date=29 July 2000 }}</ref>

In some countries,{{which|date=January 2023}} including North American<ref name="cider"/> and European countries, certain forms of violence against transgender people may be tacitly endorsed when prosecutors and juries refuse to investigate, prosecute, or convict those who perform the murders and beatings.<ref name="cider">{{cite journal |last1=Frye |first1=Phyllis |title=The International Bill of Gender Rights vs. The Cider House Rules: Transgenders Struggle with the Courts Over What Clothing They Are Allowed to Wear on the Job, Which Restroom They are Allowed to Use on the Job, Their Right to Marry, and the Very Definition of Their Sex |journal=William & Mary Journal of Race, Gender, and Social Justice |date=1 October 2000 |volume=7 |issue=1 |pages=133 |url=https://scholarship.law.wm.edu/wmjowl/vol7/iss1/6/ }}</ref><ref name="AmnestyUSA">{{cite news|url=http://www.amnestyusa.org/outfront/jamaica_report.html|title=OUTfront! Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual & Transgendered Human Rights:"Battybwoys affi dead" Action against homophobia in Jamaica|date=7 May 2004|publisher=AmnestyUSA.org|access-date=4 June 2010|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100602192314/http://www.amnestyusa.org/outfront/jamaica_report.html|archive-date=2 June 2010}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.splcenter.org/intel/intelreport/article.jsp?pid=276 |title=SPLCenter.org: 'Disposable People'<!-- Bot generated title --> |access-date=10 June 2004 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140711020836/http://www.splcenter.org/intel/intelreport/article.jsp?pid=276 |archive-date=11 July 2014 |url-status=dead }}</ref> Other societies have considered transgender behavior as a [[psychiatric illness]] serious enough to justify [[institutionalization]].<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.trans-health.com/2001/medicalization-of-transgenderism/|title=The Medicalization of Transgenderism - Trans Health|date=18 July 2001|newspaper=Trans Health|language=en-US|access-date=5 February 2017}}</ref>

In medical communities with these restrictions, patients have the option of either suppressing transsexual behavior and conforming to the norms of their birth sex (which may be necessary to avoid [[social stigma]] or even violence) or by adhering strictly to the norms of their "new" sex in order to qualify for sex reassignment surgery and hormonal treatments. Attempts to achieve an ambiguous or "alternative" gender identity would not be supported or allowed.<ref name="Todd">{{cite journal |last=Weiss |first=Jillian Todd |title=The Gender Caste System: Identity, Privacy and Heteronormativity |journal=Law & Sexuality|volume=10|pages=123–186|publisher=Tulane Law School |year=2001 |url=http://phobos.ramapo.edu/~jweiss/tulane.pdf |access-date=25 February 2007 |archive-url=https://wayback.archive-it.org/all/20070621130831/http://phobos.ramapo.edu/~jweiss/tulane.pdf |archive-date=21 June 2007 |url-status=dead }}</ref> Sometimes sex reassignment surgery is a requirement for a legal sex change, and often "male" and "female" are the only choices available, even for intersex and non-binary people.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Tranter |first1=Chi |title=Norrie's 'ungendered' status withdrawn |url=https://www.smh.com.au/national/norries-ungendered-status-withdrawn-20100318-qhw5.html |work=The Sydney Morning Herald |date=18 March 2010 }}</ref> For governments which allow only heterosexual marriages, official gender changes can have implications for related rights and privileges, such as child custody, inheritance, and medical decision-making.<ref name="Todd" />