Editing High rising terminal (section)

== Effects ==
Media in Australia, Britain, and the United States have negatively portrayed the usage of HRT, claiming that its use exhibits a speaker's insecurities about the statement and undermines effective speaking.<ref>[https://www.washingtonpost.com/goingoutguide/movi0es/lake-bell-talks-about-in-a-world--and-the-politics-of-dialect/2013/08/08/71eb5ed0-ff76-11e2-96a8-d3b921c0924a_story.html "Lake Bell talks about 'In a World ...' and the politics of dialect"] ''[[The Washington Post]]'', August 10, 2013</ref><ref>[https://www.theatlantic.com/politics/archive/2014/01/a-female-senator-explains-why-uptalk-is-part-of-womens-nature/283107/ A Female Senator Explains Why Uptalk Is Part of Women's 'Nature'] ''The Atlantic'', January 16, 2014</ref><ref>[https://www.npr.org/2015/07/23/425608745/from-upspeak-to-vocal-fry-are-we-policing-young-womens-voices "From Upspeak to Vocal Fry: Are We 'Policing' Young Women's Voices?"] ''[[Fresh Air]]''. NPR, July 23, 2015</ref><ref>[https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2015/jul/24/vocal-fry-strong-female-voice Young women, give up the vocal fry and reclaim your strong female voice] by Naomi Woofe, July 24, 2015</ref><ref>[https://www.psychologytoday.com/blog/caveman-logic/201010/the-uptalk-epidemic "The uptalk epidemic - Can you say something without turning it into a question?"] ''Psychology Today'', October 6, 2010.</ref> ''Time'' reports that it hampers job interviews.<ref>[https://time.com/2820087/3-speech-habits-that-are-worse-than-vocal-fry-in-job-interviews/ "3 speech habits that are worse than vocal fry in job interviews"] ''Time'', June 4, 2013</ref> However, other research has suggested HRT can be an effective way for speakers to establish [[grounding_in_communication|common ground]], that this often involves [[breathy voice]], 
and that its meaning is highly situational, derived from a "complex interaction of time, presupposition, and inference."<ref>{{cite conference|title=Two Pragmatic Functions of Breathy Voice in American English Conversation|author=Nigel G. Ward, Ambika Kirkland, Marcin Wlodarczak, Eva Szekely|conference=Speech Prosody|date=2022}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Tomlinson |first1=John M. |last2=Fox Tree |first2=Jean E. |date=2011-04-01 |title=Listeners' comprehension of uptalk in spontaneous speech |url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0010027710002970 |journal=Cognition |language=en |volume=119 |issue=1 |pages=58–69 |doi=10.1016/j.cognition.2010.12.005 |pmid=21237451 |s2cid=20141552 |issn=0010-0277|url-access=subscription }}</ref>
 
Recent evidence shows that leaders of the peer group are more likely to use HRT in their declaratives than the junior members of the particular peer group.<ref name="warren"/><ref>{{cite journal |last=McLemore |first=C.A. |title=The Pragmatic Interpretation of English Intonation: Sorority Speech |journal=Dissertation Abstracts International A: The Humanities and Social Sciences |volume=52 |number=4 |year=1991 |pages=1311&ndash;A }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Cheng |first1=W. |first2=M. |last2=Warren |year=2005 |title= // CAN i help you // : The use of rise and rise-fall tones in the Hong Kong Corpus of Spoken English |journal=International Journal of Corpus Linguistics |volume=10 |number=1 |pages=85&ndash;107 |issn=1384-6655 |doi=10.1075/ijcl.10.1.05che|hdl=10397/619 |hdl-access=free }}</ref> According to [[University of Pennsylvania]] phonologist [[Mark Liberman]], [[George W. Bush]] began to use HRT extensively in his speeches as his presidency continued.<ref>[[Mark Liberman]], [http://itre.cis.upenn.edu/~myl/languagelog/archives/002708.html "Uptalk uptick?"]. ''[[Language Log]]'', 15 December 2005.</ref> Linguist [[Robin Lakoff]] drew attention to the pattern in her book ''Language and Women's Place'', which argued that women were socialized to talk in ways that lacked power, authority, and confidence. Rising intonation on declarative sentences was one of the features Lakoff included in her description of "women's language", a gendered speech style she believed reflected and reproduced its users' subordinate social status.<ref>{{cite book|last=Lakoff|first=Robin|author-link=Robin Lakoff|title=Language and Woman's Place: Text and Commentaries|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=7-NdKhaWQfUC&pg=PA49|year=2004|publisher=Oxford UP|isbn=9780195347173|page=49}}</ref>