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History of Minnesota
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=== Ancient history === [[File:Pf026012.jpg|thumb|right|[[Ojibwa]] women in a canoe at Leech Lake Minnesota in 1909]] Archaeological evidence of Native American presence dates between 2,500 and 5,000 years ago at the [[Jeffers Petroglyphs]] site in southwest Minnesota.{{sfn|Radzilowski|2006|p= 17}} The exposed [[Sioux Quartzite]] rock is dotted with several thousand [[petroglyphs]] thought to date to the [[Archaic period in the Americas#Late Archaic period (3000 BC to 1000 BC)|Late Archaic Period (3000 BC to 1000 BC)]].<ref>{{cite web | work=TimePieces |title= 5,000 years ago: Symbols in stone| url=http://events.mnhs.org/TimePieces/EventDetail.cfm?EventID=541 | publisher=Minnesota Historical Society | access-date=February 17, 2007|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20041111122500/http://events.mnhs.org/Timepieces/EventDetail.cfm?EventID=541|archive-date=November 11, 2004|url-status=dead}}</ref> Around 700 BC, [[burial mound]]s were first created, and the practice continued until the arrival of Europeans, when 10,000<ref>{{cite web | work=TimePieces |title= 2,700 years ago: Mounds| url=http://events.mnhs.org/TimePieces/EventDetail.cfm?EventID=527 | publisher=Minnesota Historical Society | access-date=February 17, 2007|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20041109225202/http://events.mnhs.org/Timepieces/EventDetail.cfm?EventID=527|archive-date=November 9, 2004|url-status=dead}}</ref> to 11,000{{sfn|Radzilowski|2006|p= 16}} such mounds dotted the state. The [[Hopewell tradition|Hopewell]] burial [[Indian Mounds Park (Saint Paul, Minnesota)|mounds in Saint Paul]] are protected from invasive modern tourism.<ref>{{cite web|title=What is known about the Indian mounds?|url=https://saintpaulhistorical.com/items/show/184|author=Trimble, Steve|publisher=Historic Saint Paul|access-date=February 16, 2022}}</ref> [[Archaeologists]] believe native peoples discovered the [[catlinite]] deposit at [[Pipestone National Monument|Pipestone]] over 3,000 years ago.<ref name="Pipestone"/> Word of its existence spread and a quarry developed that was sacred ground to the native peoples across a vast area. When the French Voyageurs arrived in the region in the 1600s they learned of the quarry in their bartering with the indigenous peoples.<ref name="Pipestone"/> In 1858, the same year Minnesota became a state, the [[Yankton Sioux Tribe]] signed the [[Yankton Treaty]] in which they gave up their lands in western Minnesota and [[South Dakota]]. However, section 8 of the treaty gave the Yankton nation a one-mile square reservation at the quarry site. In 1893 the site was sold to the US Government and in 1937 [[Franklin Delano Roosevelt|FDR]] signed the bill creating the Pipestone National Monument.<ref name="Pipestone"/> Today the quarry remains active and is restricted exclusively to Native Americans by treaty with the [[National Park Service]]. At present there are 23 tribal nations affiliated by treaty to the Monument based upon their historic ties with Pipestone.<ref name="Pipestone">{{cite web |title= Pipestone National Monument Minnesota |publisher= National Park Service, U.S. Department of the Interior |url= https://www.nps.gov/pipe/index.htm |access-date= March 6, 2022}}</ref> By AD 800, [[wild rice]] became a staple crop in the region, and corn farther to the south.<ref>{{cite web | work=TimePieces |title= 1,200 years ago: Wild ricing| url=http://events.mnhs.org/TimePieces/EventDetail.cfm?EventID=532 | publisher=Minnesota Historical Society | access-date=February 17, 2007|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20041117095717/http://events.mnhs.org/Timepieces/EventDetail.cfm?EventID=532|archive-date=November 17, 2004|url-status=dead}}</ref> Within a few hundred years, the [[Mississippian culture]] reached into the southeast portion of the state, and large villages were formed. The [[Dakota people|Dakota]] Native American culture may have descended from some of the peoples of the Mississippian culture.<ref>{{cite web | work=TimePieces |title= 1,000 years ago: Mississippian farmers| url=http://events.mnhs.org/TimePieces/EventDetail.cfm?EventID=534 | publisher=Minnesota Historical Society | access-date=February 17, 2007|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20041109230048/http://events.mnhs.org/Timepieces/EventDetail.cfm?EventID=534|archive-date=November 9, 2004|url-status=dead}}</ref>
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