Editing Holism in science (section)

=== Physical science ===

==== Agriculture ====
{{See also|agricultural science}}

[[Permaculture]] takes a systems level approach to agriculture and land management by attempting to copy what happens in the natural world.{{citation needed|date=June 2021}} [[Holistic management (agriculture)|Holistic management]] integrates [[ecology]] and [[social sciences]] with food production. It was originally designed as a way to reverse [[desertification]].<ref>{{cite web|last=Coughlin|first=Chrissy|title=Allan Savory: How livestock can protect the land|url=http://www.greenbiz.com/blog/2013/03/10/allan-savory-how-livestock-can-protect-land|publisher=GreenBiz|access-date=5 April 2013|date=2013-03-11|archive-date=2013-04-11|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130411115402/http://www.greenbiz.com/blog/2013/03/10/allan-savory-how-livestock-can-protect-land|url-status=live}}</ref> [[Organic farming]] is sometimes considered a holistic approach.{{citation needed|date=June 2021}}

==== In physics ====
{{See also|Physics|Quantum physics}}

Richard Healey offered a modal interpretation and used it to present a model account of the puzzling correlations which portrays them as resulting from the operation of a process that violates both spatial and spatiotemporal separability. He argued that, on this interpretation, the nonseparability of the process is a consequence of physical property holism; and that the resulting account yields genuine understanding of how the correlations come about without any violation of relativity theory or Local Action.<ref name="Healey1991">{{cite book|author=Richard Healey|title=The Philosophy of Quantum Mechanics: An Interactive Interpretation|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Jc94Da5wmpcC|date=25 January 1991|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=978-0-521-40874-5}}</ref> Subsequent work by Clifton, Dickson and Myrvold cast doubt on whether the account can be squared with relativity theory’s requirement of Lorentz invariance but leaves no doubt of an spatially entangled holism in the theory.<ref name="DieksVermaas2012">{{cite book|author1=Dennis Dieks|author2=Pieter E. Vermaas|title=The Modal Interpretation of Quantum Mechanics|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=sHkrBgAAQBAJ|date=6 December 2012|publisher=Springer Science & Business Media|isbn=978-94-011-5084-2|pages=9–44}}</ref><ref name="Myrvold 2002 pp. 1773–1784">{{cite journal | last=Myrvold | first=Wayne C. |title=Modal Interpretations and Relativity| journal=Foundations of Physics | volume=32 | issue=11 | year=2002 | issn=0015-9018 | doi=10.1023/a:1021406924313 | pages=1773–1784| arxiv=quant-ph/0209109 | bibcode=2002FoPh...32.1773M | s2cid=67757302 }}</ref> [[Paul Davies]] and [[John Gribbin]] further observe that [[Wheeler's delayed choice experiment]] shows how the quantum world displays a sort of holism in time as well as space.<ref name="DaviesGribbin2007">{{cite book|author1=Paul Davies|author2=John Gribbin|title=The Matter Myth: Dramatic Discoveries that Challenge Our Understanding of Physical Reality|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=vlmEIGiZ0g4C|date=23 October 2007|publisher=Simon and Schuster|isbn=978-0-7432-9091-3|page=283}}</ref>

In the [[Holomovement|holistic approach]] of [[David Bohm]], any collection of quantum objects constitutes an indivisible whole within an [[Implicate and explicate order according to David Bohm|implicate and explicate order]].<ref>Richard Healey: [http://plato.stanford.edu/archives/spr2009/entries/physics-holism/#OHQM ''Holism and Nonseparability in Physics (Spring 2009 Edition)''] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131202071108/http://plato.stanford.edu/archives/spr2009/entries/physics-holism/#OHQM |date=2013-12-02 }}, Edward N. Zalta (ed.), first published July 22, 1999; substantive revision December 10, 2008, ''Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy''. Section: "Ontological Holism in Quantum Mechanics?" (retrieved June 3, 2011)</ref><ref name="BohmHiley2006">{{cite book|author1=David Bohm|author2=Basil J. Hiley|title=The Undivided Universe: An Ontological Interpretation of Quantum Theory|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=paGIAgAAQBAJ|date=16 January 2006|publisher=Routledge|isbn=978-1-134-80713-0}}</ref> Bohm said there is no scientific evidence to support the dominant view that the universe consists of a huge, finite number of minute particles, and offered instead a view of undivided wholeness: "ultimately, the entire universe (with all its 'particles', including those constituting human beings, their laboratories, observing instruments, etc.) has to be understood as a single undivided whole, in which analysis into separately and independently existent parts has no fundamental status".<ref name="Bohm2005">{{cite book|author=David Bohm|author-link=David Bohm|title=Wholeness and the Implicate Order|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=QVoh-M36JoAC|date=12 July 2005|page=221|publisher=Routledge|isbn=978-1-134-43872-3}}</ref>

==== Chaos and complexity ====
{{See also|Chaos theory}}

Scientific holism holds that the behavior of a system cannot be perfectly predicted, no matter how much data is available. Natural systems can produce surprisingly unexpected behavior, and it is suspected that behavior of such systems might be [[computational irreducibility|computationally irreducible]], which means it would not be possible to even approximate the system state without a full simulation of all the events occurring in the system. Key properties of the higher level behavior of certain classes of systems may be mediated by rare "surprises" in the behavior of their elements due to the principle of interconnectivity, thus evading predictions except by brute force simulation.<ref name="Gatherer 2010 p=22">{{cite journal | last=Gatherer | first=Derek | title=So what do we really mean when we say that systems biology is holistic? | journal=BMC Systems Biology | volume=4 | issue=1 | year=2010 | issn=1752-0509 | doi=10.1186/1752-0509-4-22 | pmid=20226033 | pmc=2850881 | page=22 | doi-access=free }}</ref>

==== Ecology ====
{{See also|Holistic community|Ecology}}

Holistic thinking can be applied to ecology, combining biological, chemical, physical, economic, ethical, and political insights. The complexity grows with the area, so that it is necessary to reduce the characteristic of the view in other ways, for example to a specific time of duration.<ref name="Looijen2012">{{cite book|author=Rick C. Looijen|title=Holism and Reductionism in Biology and Ecology: The Mutual Dependence of Higher and Lower Level Research Programmes|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=B03qCAAAQBAJ&pg=PR7|date=6 December 2012|publisher=Springer Science & Business Media|isbn=978-94-015-9560-5}}</ref>

==== Medicine ====
{{See also|Medicine}}

In [[primary care]] the term "holistic," has been used to describe approaches that take into account social considerations and other intuitive judgements.<ref name="TudorHart2010">[[Julian Tudor Hart]] (2010) [https://books.google.com/books?id=h5_6-NeAqcsC&pg=PA258 ''The Political Economy of Health Care''] pp.106, 258</ref> The term holism, and so-called approaches, appear in [[psychosomatic illness|psychosomatic]] medicine in the 1970s, when they were considered one possible way to conceptualize psychosomatic phenomena. Instead of charting one-way causal links from [[psyche (psychology)|psyche]] to [[Soma (biology)|soma]], or vice versa, it aimed at a systemic model, where multiple biological, psychological and social factors were seen as interlinked.{{citation needed|date=January 2019}}

Other, alternative approaches in the 1970s were psychosomatic and somatopsychic approaches, which concentrated on causal links only from psyche to soma, or from soma to psyche, respectively. At present it is commonplace in psychosomatic medicine to state that psyche and soma cannot really be separated for practical or theoretical purposes.{{citation needed|date=January 2019}}

The term [[systems medicine]] first appeared in 1992 and takes an integrative approach to all of the body and environment.<ref>{{cite journal|last1= Federoff |first1= Howard| last2= Gostin|first2= Lawrence O.|title=Evolving from Reductionism to Holism: Is There a Future for Systems Medicine?| journal= Journal of the American Medical Association|volume= 302|issue=9 |year=2009| pages=994–996 | doi=10.1001/jama.2009.1264 | pmid=19724047}}</ref><ref name="Federoff Gostin p=994">{{cite journal | last1=Federoff | first1=Howard J. | last2=Gostin | first2=Lawrence O. | title=Evolving From Reductionism to Holism | journal=JAMA | volume=302 | issue=9 | pages=994–6 | date=2 September 2009 | issn=0098-7484 | doi=10.1001/jama.2009.1264 | pmid=19724047 }}</ref>