Editing Homarus gammarus (section)

==Distribution==
[[File:Tommerasfjorden-tysfjorden-ofoten-nordland.jpg|thumb|left|[[Tysfjorden]], along with neighbouring [[fjord]]s in [[Northern Norway]], is home to the world's northernmost populations of ''H.&nbsp;gammarus''.|alt=A calm body of water snakes away between steep slopes.]]
''Homarus gammarus'' is found across the north-eastern Atlantic Ocean from northern Norway to the [[Azores]] and [[Morocco]], not including the [[Baltic Sea]]. It is also present in most of the [[Mediterranean Sea]], only missing from the section east of [[Crete]], and along only the south-west coast of the [[Black Sea]].<ref name="MLW">{{cite book |url=http://nlbif.eti.uva.nl/bis/lobsters.php?menuentry=soorten&id=89 |chapter=''Homarus gammarus'' |page=60 |title= FAO Species Catalogue, Volume 13: Marine Lobsters of the World |first=Lipke B. |last=Holthuis |publisher=[[Food and Agriculture Organization]] |year=1991 |isbn=92-5-103027-8 |series=FAO Fisheries Synopsis No. 125 |author-link=Lipke Holthuis |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100910101108/http://nlbif.eti.uva.nl/bis/lobsters.php?menuentry=soorten |archive-date=September 10, 2010 |access-date=September 30, 2010}}</ref> The northernmost populations are found in the Norwegian [[fjord]]s [[Tysfjorden]] and [[Folda, Nordland|Nordfolda]], inside the [[Arctic Circle]].<ref name="Fjord">{{cite journal |author1=Ann-Lisbeth Agnalt |author2=Eva Farestveit |author3=Kaare Gundersen |author4=Knut E. Jørstad |author5=Tore S. Kristiansen |year=2009 |title=Population characteristics of the world's northernmost stocks of European lobster (''Homarus gammarus'') in Tysfjord and Nordfolda, northern Norway |journal=[[New Zealand Journal of Marine and Freshwater Research]] |volume=43 |issue=1 |pages=47–57 |doi=10.1080/00288330909509981|s2cid=84360568 |doi-access=free }}</ref>

The species can be divided into four [[genetics|genetically]] distinct populations, one widespread population, and three which have diverged due to small [[effective population size]]s, possibly due to [[adaptation]] to the local environment.<ref name="Genimpact">{{cite web |url=http://genimpact.imr.no/__data/page/7650/european_lobster.pdf |title=European lobster ''Homarus gammarus'' |work=Genetic Impact of Aquaculture Activities on Native Populations |access-date=September 29, 2010 |pages=91–98 |author1=P. A. Prodöhl |author2=K. E. Jørstad |author3=A. Triantafyllidis |author4=V. Katsares |author5=C. Triantaphyllidis |publisher=[[Norwegian Institute of Marine Research]] |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110724180135/http://genimpact.imr.no/__data/page/7650/european_lobster.pdf |archive-date=July 24, 2011 |url-status=dead }}</ref> The first of these is the population of lobsters from northern Norway, which have been referred to as the "midnight-sun lobster".<ref name="Fjord"/> The populations in the Mediterranean Sea are distinct from those in the Atlantic Ocean. The last distinct population is found in part of the Netherlands: samples from the [[Oosterschelde]] were distinct from those collected in the [[North Sea]] or [[English Channel]].<ref name="Genimpact"/><ref>{{cite journal |author1=A. Triantafyllidis |author2=A. P. Apostolidis |author3=V. Katsares |author4=E. Kelly |author5=J. Mercer |author6=M. Hughes |author7=K. E. Jørstad |author8=A. Tsolou |author9=R. Hynes |author10=C. Triantaphyllidis |year=2005 |title=Mitochondrial DNA variation in the European lobster (''Homarus gammarus'') throughout the range |journal=[[Marine Biology (journal)|Marine Biology]] |volume=146 |issue=2 |pages=223–235 |doi=10.1007/s00227-004-1435-2|s2cid=83871032 }}</ref>

Attempts have been made to introduce ''H.&nbsp;gammarus'' to New Zealand, alongside other European species such as the edible crab, ''[[Cancer pagurus]]''. Between 1904 and 1914, one million lobster [[crustacean larvae|larvae]] were released from [[hatchery|hatcheries]] in [[Dunedin]], but the species did not become established there.<ref>{{cite book |editor1=Rob Allen |editor2=William George Lee |year=2006 |title=Biological Invasions in New Zealand |series=Volume 186 of Ecological studies |publisher=[[Springer Science+Business Media|Springer Verlag]] |isbn=978-3-540-30022-9 |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=L8R8k4m4wlEC&pg=PA127 |chapter=Are the marine biotas of island ecosystems more vulnerable to invasion? |author1=G. J. Inglis |author2=B. J. Hayden |author3=W. A. Nelson |pages=119–135}}</ref>