Editing Hops (section)

===Cultivation and harvest===
[[File:Chmelnice.jpg|thumb|left|A superstructure of overhead wires supports strings that in turn support [[Bine (botany)|bine]]s.]]

Although hops are grown in most of the continental United States and Canada,<ref>{{Cite web |title=Humulus lupulus L. common hop |url=http://plants.usda.gov/core/profile?symbol=HULU |access-date=13 September 2013 |website=USDA Plants database}}</ref> cultivation of hops for commercial production requires a particular environment. As hops are a climbing plant, they are trained to grow up trellises made from strings or wires that support the plants and allow them significantly greater growth with the same sunlight profile. In this way, energy that would have been required to build structural cells is also freed for crop growth.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Keegstra |first=Kenneth |date=1 October 2010 |title=Plant Cell Walls |journal=Plant Physiology |language=en |volume=154 |issue=2 |pages=483–486 |doi=10.1104/pp.110.161240 |issn=1532-2548 |pmc=2949028 |pmid=20921169}}</ref>

The hop plant's [[Plant reproductive morphology|reproduction]] method is that male and female flowers develop on separate plants, although occasionally a fertile individual will develop which contains both male and female flowers.<ref>{{Cite book |last=C. C. Ainsworth |title=Sex Determination in Plants |date=15 June 1999 |publisher=Garland Science |isbn=9780203345993 |volume=38 |pages=167–223 |chapter=5 Sex Determination in Plants |series=Current Topics in Developmental Biology |doi=10.1016/s0070-2153(08)60247-1 |pmid=9399079 |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=MmO6rXOyvasC&pg=PA146}}</ref> Because pollinated seeds are undesirable for brewing beer, only female plants are grown in hop fields, thus preventing pollination. Female plants are propagated [[Vegetative reproduction|vegetatively]], and male plants are culled if plants are grown from seeds.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Interactive Agricultural Ecological Atlas of Russia and Neighboring Countries. Economic Plants and their Diseases, Pests and Weeds. ''Humulus lupulus'' |url=http://www.agroatlas.ru/cultural/Humulus_lupulus_K_en.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120310182625/http://www.agroatlas.ru/cultural/Humulus_lupulus_K_en.htm |archive-date=10 March 2012 |access-date=20 May 2012 |website=www.agroatlas.ru |publisher=Agroatlas.ru}}</ref>

Hop plants are planted in rows about {{convert|2|to|2.5|m|ft|0}} apart. Each spring, the roots send forth new [[bine (botany)|bine]]s that are started up strings from the ground to an overhead trellis. The cones grow high on the bine, and in the past, these cones were picked by hand. Harvesting of hops became much more efficient with the invention of the mechanical hops separator, patented by [[Emil Clemens Horst]] in 1909.<ref>{{Cite web |date=22 October 2013 |title=Innovative Hopping Equipment: New Belgium's Dry Hop Dosing Skid |url=https://www.craftbrewingbusiness.com/equipment-systems/innovative-hopping-equipment-new-belgiums-dry-hop-dosing-skid/ |access-date=4 May 2021 |website=Craft Brewing Business |language=en-US}}</ref>

Hops are harvested at the end of summer.<ref>{{Cite web |date=21 November 2014 |title=The Anatomy of a Hop |url=https://craftbeeracademy.com/hop-anatomy/ |access-date=5 June 2021 |website=Craft Beer Academy |language=en-US}}</ref> The {{not a typo|bines}} are cut down, separated, and then dried in an [[oast house]] to reduce moisture content. To be dried, the hops are spread out on the upper floor of the oast house and heated by heating units on the lower floor. The dried hops are then compressed into bales by a [[baler]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=How Hops are Harvested and Used in Brewing • Bale Breaker Brewing Company |url=https://www.balebreaker.com/blog/how-hops-are-harvested-and-used-in-brewing |access-date=5 June 2021 |website=www.balebreaker.com |archive-date=26 September 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220926115220/https://www.balebreaker.com/blog/how-hops-are-harvested-and-used-in-brewing |url-status=dead }}</ref>

[[File:Hops Lupulin Macro.jpg|thumb|Macro shot of lupulin on a hop's cone]]

{{Anchor|lupulin}}Hop cones contain different oils, such as lupulin, a yellowish, waxy substance, an [[oleoresin]], that imparts flavour and aroma to beer.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Andrew |first=Sewalish |title=Hops: Anatomy and Chemistry 101 |url=http://bioweb.uwlax.edu/bio203/s2009/sewalish_andr/Humulus%20Lupulus%20-%20Common%20Hops/Hop%20Anatomy%20and%20Chemistry%20101.html |access-date=13 September 2013 |website=bioweb.uwlax.edu |archive-date=27 September 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130927135922/http://bioweb.uwlax.edu/bio203/s2009/sewalish_andr/Humulus%20Lupulus%20-%20Common%20Hops/Hop%20Anatomy%20and%20Chemistry%20101.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> Lupulin contains [[lupulone]] and [[humulone]], which possess antibiotic properties, suppressing bacterial growth favoring brewer's yeast to grow. After lupulin has been extracted in the brewing process the papery cones are discarded.