Editing Human Action (section)

=== Part Two: Action Within the Framework of Society ===
'''Chapter 8''', "Human Society", discusses various aspects of human cooperation,<ref name=":15">{{Cite web |title=Human Cooperation |url=https://mises.org/library/human-action-0/html/pp/704 |access-date=2023-02-24 |website=Mises Institute |language=en |archive-date=February 24, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230224161227/https://mises.org/library/human-action-0/html/pp/704 |url-status=dead }}</ref> including the benefits of the [[Division of labour|division of labor]],<ref>{{Cite web |title=The Division of Labor |url=https://mises.org/library/human-action-0/html/pp/706 |access-date=2023-02-24 |website=Mises Institute |language=en |archive-date=February 24, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230224161149/https://mises.org/library/human-action-0/html/pp/706 |url-status=dead }}</ref> the superiority of [[Social collaboration|social cooperation]],<ref name=":15" /> the critiques of the [[Metaphysics|metaphysical]] view of society,<ref>{{Cite web |title=A Critique of the Holistic and Metaphysical View of Society |url=https://mises.org/library/human-action-0/html/pp/705 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170203181103/https://mises.org/library/human-action-0/html/pp/705 |url-status=dead |archive-date=February 3, 2017 |access-date=2023-02-24 |website=Mises Institute |language=en }}</ref> and the [[David Ricardo|Ricardian]] Law of Association.<ref>{{Cite web |title=The Ricardian Law of Association |url=https://mises.org/library/human-action-0/html/pp/707 |access-date=2023-02-24 |website=Mises Institute |language=en |archive-date=February 24, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230224161157/https://mises.org/library/human-action-0/html/pp/707 |url-status=dead }}</ref> The text also talks about the effects of the division of labor on society,<ref>{{Cite web |title=The Effects of the Division of Labor |url=https://mises.org/library/human-action-0/html/pp/708 |access-date=2023-02-24 |website=Mises Institute |language=en |archive-date=February 24, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230224161148/https://mises.org/library/human-action-0/html/pp/708 |url-status=dead }}</ref> the emergence of man as a social being,<ref>{{Cite web |title=The Individual Within Society |url=https://mises.org/library/human-action-0/html/pp/709 |access-date=2023-02-24 |website=Mises Institute |language=en |archive-date=February 24, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230224161141/https://mises.org/library/human-action-0/html/pp/709 |url-status=dead }}</ref> and the [[Great Society]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=The Great Society |url=https://mises.org/library/human-action-0/html/pp/710 |access-date=2023-02-24 |website=Mises Institute |language=en |archive-date=February 24, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230224161653/https://mises.org/library/human-action-0/html/pp/710 |url-status=dead }}</ref> Finally, the text addresses the instinct of aggression and destruction<ref name=":16">{{Cite web |title=The Instinct of Aggression and Destruction |url=https://mises.org/library/human-action-0/html/pp/711 |access-date=2023-02-24 |website=Mises Institute |language=en |archive-date=February 24, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230224161224/https://mises.org/library/human-action-0/html/pp/711 |url-status=dead }}</ref> and how it has been overcome by social cooperation.<ref name=":16" />

'''Chapter 9''', "The Role of Ideas", discusses several topics related to human action and ideology.<ref name=":17">{{Cite web |title=World View and Ideology |url=https://mises.org/library/human-action-0/html/pp/714 |access-date=2023-02-24 |website=Mises Institute |language=en |archive-date=February 24, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230224161201/https://mises.org/library/human-action-0/html/pp/714 |url-status=dead }}</ref> Firstly, human action is distinguished by reasoning, and while reasoning may be faulty, it is always the individual who thinks, and tradition and language allow present actors to incorporate their ancestors' reasoning into their own thinking.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Human Reason |url=https://mises.org/library/human-action-0/html/pp/713 |access-date=2023-02-24 |website=Mises Institute |language=en |archive-date=February 24, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230224161157/https://mises.org/library/human-action-0/html/pp/713 |url-status=dead }}</ref> Secondly, a '''worldview''' serves as both an interpretation of all things and a guide to action, while '''ideology''' is more restricted to human interaction over earthly concerns.<ref name=":17" /> Despite their incompatibility on the surface, various ideologies champion the same things for their followers, and their disagreements are not over abstract principles.<ref name=":17" /> Thirdly, '''might''' is the power to direct the actions of others, and society is a product of ideology.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Might |url=https://mises.org/library/human-action-0/html/pp/715 |access-date=2023-02-24 |website=Mises Institute |language=en}}</ref> Lastly, the notions of progress and retrogression only make sense in the context of an actor's plan, and the fatal flaw of 18th- and 19th-century rationalists and (classical) liberals was their faith in the decency and wisdom of the common man.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Meliorism and the Idea of Progress |url=https://mises.org/library/human-action-0/html/pp/716 |access-date=2023-02-24 |website=Mises Institute |language=en |archive-date=February 24, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230224161223/https://mises.org/library/human-action-0/html/pp/716 |url-status=dead }}</ref>

'''Chapter 10''', "Exchange Within Society", discusses the concepts of '''autistic exchange''', which concerns only one actor, and '''interpersonal exchange''', which involves cooperation between two or more individuals.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Autistic Exchange and Interpersonal Exchange |url=https://mises.org/library/human-action-0/html/pp/718 |access-date=2023-02-24 |website=Mises Institute |language=en |archive-date=February 24, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230224161220/https://mises.org/library/human-action-0/html/pp/718 |url-status=dead }}</ref> People can cooperate in either a contractual or hegemonic relationship, with contractual societies being more peaceful than hegemonic ones.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Contractual Bonds and Hegemonic Bonds |url=https://mises.org/library/human-action-0/html/pp/719 |access-date=2023-02-24 |website=Mises Institute |language=en |archive-date=February 24, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230224161158/https://mises.org/library/human-action-0/html/pp/719 |url-status=dead }}</ref> All action involves the use of ordinal numbers to rank possible outcomes, but the use of cardinal numbers requires special conditions and developed in the context of a contractual society.<ref name=":18">{{Cite web |title=Calculative Action |url=https://mises.org/library/human-action-0/html/pp/720 |access-date=2023-02-24 |website=Mises Institute |language=en |archive-date=February 24, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230224161152/https://mises.org/library/human-action-0/html/pp/720 |url-status=dead }}</ref> The ability to apply [[arithmetic]] to various fields is crucial for modern civilization, and economics itself can be described as a theory of human action that relies on calculation.<ref name=":18" />