Editing Human security (section)

===UNDP's 1994 definition===
[[Mahbub ul Haq]] first drew global attention to the concept of human security in the [[United Nations Development Programme]]'s 1994 ''Human Development Report'' and sought to influence the UN's 1995 [[Commission for Social Development|World Summit on Social Development in Copenhagen]]. The UNDP's 1994 [[Human Development Report]]'s definition of human security argues that the scope of global security should be expanded to include ''threats in seven areas'':
[[File:UN Human Development Report 2008.svg|thumb|right|300px|Coloured world map indicating [[Human Development Index]] ({{as of|2008|lc=y}}). [[List of countries by Human Development Index|Countries]] coloured green exhibit high human development, those coloured yellow/orange exhibit medium human development, and those coloured red exhibit low human development.]]
[[File:UN Human Development Report 2008.svg|thumb|300px|The 2003 map]]
*'''Economic security''' – [[Economic security]] requires an assured [[basic income]] for individuals, usually from productive and remunerative work or, as a last resort, from a publicly financed safety net. In this sense, only about a quarter of the world's people are presently economically secure. While the economic security problem may be more serious in [[developing countries]], concern also arises in developed countries as well. Unemployment problems constitute an important factor underlying political tensions and [[Ethnicity|ethnic]] violence.
*'''Food security''' – [[Food security]] requires that all people at all times have both physical and economic access to basic food. According to the [[United Nations]], the overall availability of food is not a problem, rather the problem often is the poor distribution of food and a lack of [[purchasing power]]. In the past, food security problems have been dealt with at both national and global levels. However, their impacts are limited. According to the UN, the key is to tackle the problems relating to access to assets, work and assured income (related to economic security).
*'''Health security''' – [[Health security]] aims to guarantee a minimum protection from diseases and unhealthy [[lifestyle (sociology)|lifestyle]]s. In developing countries, the major causes of death traditionally were [[infectious disease|infectious]] and [[parasitic disease]]s, whereas in industrialized countries, the major killers were diseases of the [[circulatory system]]. Today, lifestyle-related chronic diseases are leading killers worldwide, with 80 percent of deaths from chronic diseases occurring in low- and middle-income countries.<ref>World Health Organization, "Chronic Diseases" http://www.who.int/topics/chronic_diseases/en/</ref> According to the [[United Nations]], in both developing and industrial countries, threats to health security are usually greater for poor people in rural areas, particularly children. This is due to [[malnutrition]] and insufficient access to health services, clean water and other basic necessities.
*'''Environmental security''' – [[Environmental security]] aims to protect people from the short- and long-term ravages of nature, man-made threats in nature, and deterioration of the [[natural environment]]. In developing countries, lack of access to clean [[water resources]] is one of the greatest environmental threats. In industrial countries, one of the major threats is [[air pollution]]. [[Global warming]], caused by the emission of [[greenhouse gases]], is another [[environmental peacebuilding|environmental security issue]].
*'''Personal security''' – [[Security of person|Personal security]] aims to protect people from physical [[violence]], whether from the state or external states, from violent individuals and sub-state actors, from [[domestic abuse]], or from predatory adults. For many people, the greatest source of anxiety is [[crime]], particularly violent crime.
*'''Community security''' – [[Societal security|Community security]] aims to protect people from the loss of traditional [[interpersonal relationship|relationships]] and values and from sectarian and ethnic violence. Traditional communities, particularly minority [[ethnic group]]s are often threatened. About half of the world's states have experienced some inter-ethnic strife. The United Nations declared 1993 the Year of Indigenous People to highlight the continuing vulnerability of the 300 million Aboriginal people in 70 countries as they face a widening spiral of violence.
*'''Political security''' – [[Political security]] is concerned with whether people live in a society that honors their basic human rights. According to a survey conducted by [[Amnesty International]], [[political repression]], systematic torture, ill-treatment, or [[forced disappearance|disappearance]] was still practised in 110 countries. Human rights violations are most frequent during periods of political unrest. Along with repressing individuals and groups, governments may try to exercise control over ideas and information.<ref>Oz Hassan (2015) Political security: From 1990 to the Arab Spring https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/13569775.2014.993907].</ref>

Since then, human security has been receiving more attention from key global development institutions, such as the [[World Bank]]. Tadjbakhsh, among others, traces the evolution of human security in international organizations, concluding that the concept has been manipulated and transformed considerably since 1994 to fit organizational interests.<ref>{{Cite web |title=HUMAN SECURITY IN INTERNATIONAL ORGANIZATIONS: BLESSING OR SCOURGE? |url=http://www.peacecenter.sciences-po.fr/journal/issue4pdf/issue4_guestEditorial_Tadjbakhsh.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100215124304/http://www.peacecenter.sciences-po.fr/journal/issue4pdf/issue4_guestEditorial_Tadjbakhsh.pdf |archive-date=2010-02-15 |access-date=2022-10-04}}</ref>