Editing IBM Research (section)

==Laboratories==
IBM currently has 19 research facilities spread across 12 laboratories on six continents:<ref>{{cite web |date= 9 February 2021|title=Our labs |url=https://research.ibm.com/labs/ |access-date=28 December 2022 |website=IBM Research |publisher=IBM |archive-date=21 December 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221221032216/https://research.ibm.com/labs/ |url-status=live }}</ref>

* Africa (Nairobi, Kenya, and Johannesburg, South Africa)
* Almaden (San Jose, California, US)
* Australia (Melbourne)
* Brazil (São Paulo and Rio de Janeiro)
* Cambridge – IBM Research and MIT-IBM Watson AI Lab (Cambridge, Massachusetts, US)
* China (Beijing)
* Israel (Haifa)
* Ireland (Dublin)
* India (Delhi and Bengaluru)
* Japan (Tokyo and [[Saiwai-ku, Kawasaki|Shin-Kawasaki]])
* Switzerland (Zürich)
* [[IBM Thomas J. Watson Research Center]] (Yorktown Heights and Albany, New York, US)

Historic research centers for IBM also include [[IBM La Gaude]] ([[Nice]]), the [[Cambridge Scientific Center]], the [[IBM New York Scientific Center]], [[330 North Wabash]] ([[Chicago]]), IBM Austin Research Laboratory, and [[IBM Laboratory Vienna]].<ref>{{cite web|last1=IBM Corporation|title=Some key dates in IBM's operations in Europe, the Middle East, and Africa (EMEA)|url=https://www-03.ibm.com/ibm/history/documents/pdf/emea.pdf|website=IBM History|access-date=July 24, 2016|archive-date=October 10, 2022|archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20221010/https://www-03.ibm.com/ibm/history/documents/pdf/emea.pdf|url-status=dead}}</ref>

In 2017, IBM invested $240 million to create the MIT–IBM Watson AI Lab. Headquartered in Cambridge, MA, the Lab is a unique joint research venture in artificial intelligence established by IBM and MIT and brings together researchers in academia and industry to advance AI that has a real world impact for business, academic and society. The Lab funds approximately 50 projects per year, which are co-led by principal investigators from MIT and IBM Research, with results published regularly at top peer-reviewed journals and conferences. Projects range from computer vision, natural language processing and reinforcement learning, to devising new ways to ensure that AI systems are fair, reliable and secure.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://mitibmwatsonailab.mit.edu/about/ |title=Inside the Lab |date=September 2017 |access-date=October 6, 2020 |archive-date=October 23, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201023031838/https://mitibmwatsonailab.mit.edu/about/ |url-status=live }}</ref>

===Almaden in Silicon Valley===

[[File:IBM Research Almaden.jpg|thumb|IBM Research – Almaden]]

IBM Research – Almaden is in [[Almaden Valley, San Jose]], [[California]].  Its scientists perform basic and applied research in [[computer science]], services, storage systems, physical sciences, and materials science and technology.<ref name=azom>{{cite news|title=Gathering of the Most Brilliant Minds in Energy Storage to Take Place|url=http://www.azom.com/news.aspx?newsID=17759|access-date=June 9, 2012|newspaper=AZOM|date=June 23, 2009|archive-date=May 22, 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130522125400/http://www.azom.com/news.aspx?newsID=17759|url-status=live}}</ref>

IBM Research – Almaden occupies part of a site owned by IBM at 650 Harry Road on nearly {{convert|700|acre|km2}} of land in the [[Santa Teresa Hills]] above [[Silicon Valley]]. The site, built in 1985 for the research center, was chosen because of its close proximity to [[Stanford University]], [[University of California, Santa Cruz|UC Santa Cruz]], [[University of California, Berkeley|UC Berkeley]] and other collaborative academic institutions.  Today, the research division is still the largest tenant of the site, but the majority of occupants work for other divisions of IBM.

IBM opened its first West Coast research center, the  San Jose Research Laboratory in 1952, managed by [[Reynold B. Johnson]].  Among its first developments was the [[IBM 350]], the first commercial moving head hard disk drive. Launched in 1956, this saw use in the [[IBM 305 RAMAC]] computer system. Subdivisions included the Advanced Systems Development Division.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://archive.computerhistory.org/resources/text/FindingAids/102658131.Kolsky.pdf |title=Guide to the Harwood G. Kolsky Papers |access-date=January 31, 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110920034923/http://archive.computerhistory.org/resources/text/FindingAids/102658131.Kolsky.pdf |archive-date=September 20, 2011 |url-status=dead }}</ref> Directors of the center include hard disc drive developer [[Jack Harker]].

Prompted by a need for additional space, the center moved to its present Almaden location in 1986.

Scientists at IBM Almaden have contributed to several scientific discoveries such as the development of [[photoresist]]s<ref name=web-wire>{{cite news|title=IBM Research Demonstrates Path for Extending Current Chip-Making Technique|url=http://www.webwire.com/ViewPressRel.asp?aId=9814|access-date=June 9, 2012|newspaper=Web Wire|date=February 20, 2006|archive-date=May 22, 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140522124617/http://www.webwire.com/ViewPressRel.asp?aId=9814|url-status=live}}</ref> and the [[quantum mirage]] effect.<ref name=science-daily>{{cite news|title=IBM Scientists Discover Nanotech Communication Method|url=https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2000/02/000207074352.htm|access-date=June 9, 2012|newspaper=Science Daily|date=Feb 7, 2000|archive-date=December 17, 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111217170515/http://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2000/02/000207074352.htm|url-status=live}}</ref>

The following are some of the famous scientists who have worked in the past or are currently working in this laboratory: [[Rakesh Agrawal (computer scientist)|Rakesh Agrawal]], [[Miklos Ajtai]], [[Rama Akkiraju]], [[John Backus]], [[Raymond F. Boyce]], [[Donald D. Chamberlin]], [[Ashok K. Chandra]], [[Edgar F. Codd]], [[Mark Dean (computer scientist)|Mark Dean]], [[Cynthia Dwork]], [[Don Eigler]], [[Ronald Fagin]], [[Jim Gray (computer scientist)|Jim Gray]], [[Laura M. Haas]], [[Jean Paul Jacob]], [[Joseph Halpern]], [[Andreas J. Heinrich]], [[Reynold B. Johnson]], [[Maria Klawe]], [[Jaishankar Menon]], [[Dharmendra Modha]], [[William E. Moerner]], [[C. Mohan]], [[Stuart Parkin]], [[Nick Pippenger]], [[Daniel M. Russell|Dan Russell]], [[Patricia Selinger]], [[Ted Selker]], [[Barbara Simons]], [[Malcolm Slaney]], [[Arnold Spielberg]], [[Ramakrishnan Srikant]], [[Larry Stockmeyer]], [[Moshe Vardi]], [[Jennifer Widom]], [[Shumin Zhai]].

===Australia===
IBM Research – Australia was a research and development laboratory established by IBM Research in 2009 in [[Melbourne]].<ref name="auto">{{cite web |date= 9 February 2021|title=Labs and locations |url=https://research.ibm.com/labs/ |access-date=28 December 2022 |website=IBM Research |archive-date=21 December 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221221032216/https://research.ibm.com/labs/ |url-status=live }}</ref> It was involved in [[social media]], interactive content, healthcare analytics and services research, multimedia analytics, and genomics.  The lab was headed by several directors over its 10 years lifespan, including Vice President, Joanna Batstone <ref>{{cite web |author= |date= 9 February 2021|title=Labs and locations |url=https://research.ibm.com/labs/ |access-date= |publisher= |archive-date=2022-12-21 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221221032216/https://research.ibm.com/labs/ |url-status=live }}</ref> and Professor Iven Mareels. It was to be the company’s first laboratory combining research and development in a single organisation.<ref>{{cite web |title=IBM CHOOSES AUSTRALIA FOR RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT LABORATORY |url=http://www.austrade.gov.au/invest/doing-business-in-australia/success-stories/IBM-chooses-Australia-for-research-and-development-laboratory#.VNOPwmjF-Sp |website=austrade.gov |access-date=15 February 2020 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20150205160741/http://www.austrade.gov.au/invest/doing-business-in-australia/success-stories/IBM-chooses-Australia-for-research-and-development-laboratory%23.VNOVLn3LfK6 |archive-date=5 February 2015}}</ref>

The opening of the Melbourne lab in 2011 received an injection of $22 million in [[Government of Australia|Australian Federal Government]] funding and an undisclosed amount provided by the [[Government of Victoria|State Government]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.itnews.com.au/news/photos-ibm-launches-melbourne-rd-lab-276777|title=Photos: IBM launches Melbourne R&D lab|website=iTnews|access-date=2020-02-09|archive-date=2019-04-24|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190424104805/https://www.itnews.com.au/news/photos-ibm-launches-melbourne-rd-lab-276777|url-status=live}}</ref>

The Melbourne Research lab was closed in 2021, approximately at the same time as the deal for tax breaks from the [[Government of Victoria|State Government]] ended. Approximately 80 full-time researchers were made redundant.

===Brazil===
IBM Research – Brazil is one of twelve [[research laboratory|research laboratories]] comprising IBM Research,<ref name="auto"/> its first in [[South America]].<ref>{{cite web |author= |title=IBM Research - Brazil - Locations |url=https://research.ibm.com/labs/brazil/ |access-date=28 December 2022 |website=IBM Research |date=9 February 2021 |publisher=IBM |archive-date=28 December 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221228173259/https://research.ibm.com/labs/brazil/ |url-status=live }}</ref> It was established in 2011, with locations in [[São Paulo]] and [[Rio de Janeiro]]. Research focuses on Industrial Technology and Science, Systems of Engagement and Insight, Social Data [[Analytics]] and [[Natural Resources]] Solutions.

The new lab, [[IBM]]'s ninth at the time of opening and first in 12 years, underscores the growing importance of emerging markets and the globalization of innovation.<ref name=WSJ>{{cite news|url=https://www.wsj.com/articles/SB10001424052748703302604575294820196514024|title=IBM To Open Research Lab In Brazil|first=Spencer E. Ante And Nathan|last=Becker|date=June 9, 2010|via=www.wsj.com|newspaper=Wall Street Journal|access-date=January 23, 2020|archive-date=June 23, 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190623070003/https://www.wsj.com/articles/SB10001424052748703302604575294820196514024|url-status=live}}</ref> In collaboration with Brazil's government, it will help IBM to develop technology systems around natural resource development and large-scale events such as the [[2016 Summer Olympics]].<ref name=WSJ/>

Engineer and associate lab director Ulisses Mello explains that IBM has four priority areas in Brazil: "The main area is related to [[natural resource management|natural resources management]], involving oil and gas, mining and agricultural sectors. The second is the social data analytics segment that comprises the analysis of data generated from [[social networking]] sites [such as Twitter or Facebook], which can be applied, for example, to financial analysis. The third strategic area is [[nanotechnology]] applied to the development of the smarter devices for the intermittent production industry. This technology can be applied to, for example, blood testing or recovering oil from existing fields. And the last one is smarter cities."<ref>{{cite web|url=https://nearshoreamericas.com/brazilian-research-labs-ibm-natural-resources/|title=IBM's Brazil Research Labs Target Natural Resources, Data Analytics and Nanotechnology|first=Silvia|last=Rosa|date=June 10, 2014|access-date=February 9, 2020|archive-date=March 21, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200321151511/http://nearshoreamericas.com/brazilian-research-labs-ibm-natural-resources/|url-status=live}}</ref>

===Japan===
The IBM Research – Tokyo, which was called IBM Tokyo Research Laboratory (TRL) before January 2009, is one of IBM's twelve major worldwide research laboratories.<ref>{{cite book |title=Managing synergistic innovations through corporate global R&D, Volume 173 |last=Persaud |first=Ajax |author2=Uma Kumar |year=2002 |publisher=Greenwood Publishing Group |isbn=1-56720-463-5 |pages=82&ndash;83 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=HsbQG9BbsFgC&q=IBM+New+York+Research+Laboratory+-+Managing+synergistic+innovations+through+corporate+global+R%26D&pg=PA82 |access-date=2020-10-18 |archive-date=2023-03-12 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230312220523/https://books.google.com/books?id=HsbQG9BbsFgC&q=IBM+New+York+Research+Laboratory+-+Managing+synergistic+innovations+through+corporate+global+R%26D&pg=PA82 |url-status=live }}</ref> It is a branch of IBM Research, and about 200 researchers work for TRL.<ref name="TRL">{{cite web |title=IBM Tokyo Research Laboratory |url=https://research.ibm.com/labs/tokyo/ |access-date=28 December 2022 |website=IBM Research |date=9 February 2021 |publisher=IBM |archive-date=28 December 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221228173259/https://research.ibm.com/labs/tokyo/ |url-status=live }}</ref> Established in 1982 as the Japan Science Institute (JSI) in [[Tokyo]], it was renamed to IBM Tokyo Research Laboratory in 1986, and moved to [[IBM Yamato Facility|Yamato]] in 1992 and back to [[IBM Toyosu Facility|Tokyo]] in 2012.

IBM Tokyo Research Laboratory was established in 1982 as the Japan Science Institute (JSI) in Sanbanchō, [[Tokyo]]. It was IBM's first research laboratory in Asia.<ref name="TRL"/> [[Hisashi Kobayashi]] was appointed the founding director of TRL in 1982; he served as director until 1986.<ref>{{cite book |title=Network security: current status and future directions |last=Douligeris |first=Christos |author2=Dimitrios N. Serpanos |year=2007 |publisher=John Wiley and Sons |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=dHys9OXMFMIC&pg=PA566|isbn=978-0-471-70355-6 |page=566}}</ref> JSI was renamed to the IBM Tokyo Research Laboratory in 1986. In 1988, English-to-Japanese machine translation system called "System for Human-Assisted Language Translation" (SHALT) was developed at TRL. It was used to translate IBM manuals.<ref name="TRL 25th Anniversary">{{cite web |title=TRL 25th Anniversary (1982-2006) |url=http://www.trl.ibm.com/history/index_e.htm |archive-url=https://archive.today/20070504090755/http://www.trl.ibm.com/history/index_e.htm |url-status=dead |archive-date=4 May 2007 |publisher=IBM |access-date=16 August 2009}}</ref>

====History====
TRL was shifted from downtown Tokyo to the suburbs to share a building with [[IBM Yamato Facility]] in [[Yamato, Kanagawa|Yamato]], [[Kanagawa Prefecture]] in 1993.<ref>{{cite book |title=Managing global innovation: uncovering the secrets of future competitiveness |last=Boutellier |first=Roman |author2=Oliver Gassmann |author3=Maximilian von Zedtwitz |year=2008 |publisher=Springer |isbn=978-3-540-25441-6 |page=203 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=LLLeO5V7qJUC&q=In+1993,+IBM+Tokyo+Research+Laboratory&pg=PA203 |access-date=2020-10-18 |archive-date=2023-03-12 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230312220535/https://books.google.com/books?id=LLLeO5V7qJUC&q=In+1993,+IBM+Tokyo+Research+Laboratory&pg=PA203 |url-status=live }}</ref> In 1993, world record was accomplished for generation of continuous coherent [[Ultraviolet]] rays. In 1996, Java JIT compiler was developed at TRL, and it was released for major IBM platforms. Numerous other technological breakthroughs were made at TRL.<ref name="TRL 25th Anniversary"/>

The team led by [[Chieko Asakawa]] ([[:ja:浅川智恵子]]), [[IBM Fellow]] since 2009, provided basic technology for IBM's software programs for the visually handicapped, [[IBM Home Page Reader]] in 1997 and IBM aiBrowser ([[:ja:aiBrowser]]) in 2007. TRL moved back to Tokyo in 2012, this time at [[IBM Toyosu Facility]].

====Research====
TRL researchers are responsible for numerous breakthroughs in sciences and engineering. The researchers have presented multiple papers at international conferences, and published numerous papers in international journals.<ref name="Core Research Competency">{{cite web |title=Core Research Competency |url=http://www.trl.ibm.com/projects/index_e.htm |publisher=IBM |access-date=16 August 2009 |archive-date=10 October 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091010154329/http://www.trl.ibm.com/projects/index_e.htm |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Technical Paper |url=http://www.trl.ibm.com/news/publication_e.htm |publisher=IBM |access-date=21 August 2009 |archive-date=20 November 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091120120026/http://www.trl.ibm.com/news/publication_e.htm |url-status=live }}</ref> They have also contributed to the products and services of IBM, and patent filings.<ref name="Core Research Competency"/><ref>{{cite web |title=Research Results |url=http://www.trl.ibm.com/news/highlight_e.htm |publisher=IBM |access-date=16 August 2009 |archive-date=9 October 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091009105643/http://www.trl.ibm.com/news/highlight_e.htm |url-status=live }}</ref> TRL conducts research in microdevices, [[system software]], [[security]] and [[privacy]], [[analytics]] and [[Optimization (mathematics)|optimization]], [[human computer interaction]], [[embedded systems]], and services sciences.<ref name="Core Research Competency"/>

====Other activities====
TRL collaborates with the [[List of universities in Japan|Japanese universities]], and support their research programs. IBM donates its equipment such as servers, storage systems, and so forth to the Japanese universities to support their research programs under the Shared University Research (SUR) program.<ref name="Collaboration with Academia">{{cite web |title=Collaboration with Academia |url=http://www.research.ibm.com/trl/academic/index_e.htm |publisher=IBM |access-date=17 August 2009 |archive-date=22 June 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090622115727/http://www.research.ibm.com/trl/academic/index_e.htm |url-status=live }}</ref>

In 1987, IBM Japan Science Prize was created to recognize researchers, who are not over 45 years old, working at Japanese universities or public research institutes. It is awarded in [[physics]], [[chemistry]], [[computer science]], and [[electronics]].<ref name="Collaboration with Academia"/>

===Israel===

IBM Research – Haifa, previously known as the Haifa Research Lab (HRL) was founded as a small scientific center in 1972.<ref>{{cite news |title=Aya Soffer named as new Director of IBM's Haifa Research Lab |url=https://www.calcalistech.com/ctech/articles/0,7340,L-3896570,00.html |publisher=CTECH |date=3 March 2021 |access-date=18 August 2021 |archive-date=18 August 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210818112517/https://www.calcalistech.com/ctech/articles/0,7340,L-3896570,00.html |url-status=live }}</ref> Since then, it has grown into a major lab that leads the development of innovative technologies and solutions for the IBM corporation. The lab’s offices are situated in three locations across Israel: [[Haifa]], [[Tel Aviv]], and [[Beer Sheva]].

IBM Research – Haifa employs researchers in a range of areas. Research projects are being executed today in areas such as artificial intelligence, hybrid cloud, quantum computing, blockchain, IoT, quality, cybersecurity, and industry domains such as healthcare.

[[Aya Soffer]] is IBM vice president of AI technology and serves as the director of the IBM Research Lab in Haifa, Israel.

====History====

In its 30th year, the IBM Haifa Research Lab in Israel moved to a new home on the University of Haifa campus.

The researchers at the Lab are involved in special projects with academic institutions across Israel, the United States, and Europe, and actively participate in numerous consortiums as part of the EU Horizon 2020 programme. Today in 2020, the Lab describes itself as having the highest number of employees in Israel's hi-tech industry who hold advanced degrees in science, electrical engineering, mathematics, or related fields. Researchers participate in international conferences and are published in professional publications.{{citation needed|date=January 2022}}

In 2014, IBM Research announced the Cybersecurity Center of Excellence (CCoE) in Beer Sheva in collaboration with [[Ben-Gurion University]] of the Negev.

===Switzerland===
IBM Research – Zurich (previously called IBM Zurich Research Laboratory, ZRL) is the European branch of IBM Research. It was opened in 1956 and is located in [[Rüschlikon]] near [[Zürich]], Switzerland.

In 1956, IBM opened their first European research laboratory in [[Adliswil]], Switzerland. The lab moved to its own campus in neighboring Rüschlikon in 1962. The Zürich lab is staffed by a multicultural and interdisciplinary team of a few hundred permanent research staff members, graduate students and postdoctoral fellows, representing about 45 nationalities. Collocated with the lab is a ''Client Center'' (formerly the ''Industry Solutions Lab''), an executive briefing facility demonstrating technology prototypes and solutions.

The Zürich lab is world-renowned for its scientific achievements—most notably Nobel Prizes in physics in 1986 and 1987 for the invention of the [[scanning tunneling microscope]]<ref name="Nobel1986">{{Cite web |url=http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/physics/laureates/1986/index.html |title=Nobel Prize in Physics 1986 |access-date=2020-03-21 |archive-date=2008-09-17 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080917103215/http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/physics/laureates/1986/index.html |url-status=live }}</ref> and the discovery of [[high-temperature superconductivity]],<ref name="Nobel1987">{{Cite web |url=http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/physics/laureates/1987/index.html |title=Nobel Prize in Physics 1987 |access-date=2020-03-21 |archive-date=2008-09-19 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080919014520/http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/physics/laureates/1987/index.html |url-status=live }}</ref> respectively. Other key inventions include [[trellis modulation]], which revolutionized data transmission over telephone lines; [[Token Ring]], which became a standard for [[local area network]]s and a highly successful IBM product; the [[Secure Electronic Transaction]] (SET) standard used for highly secure payments; and the [[Java Card OpenPlatform]] (JCOP), a [[smart card]] [[operating system]]. Most recently the lab was involved in the development of [[SuperMUC]], a supercomputer that is cooled using hot water.

The Zürich lab focus areas are future chip technologies; nanotechnology; data storage; quantum computing, brain-inspired computing; security and privacy; risk and compliance; business optimization and transformation; server systems. The Zürich laboratory is involved in many joint projects with universities throughout Europe, in research programs established by the European Union and the Swiss government, and in cooperation agreements with research institutes of industrial partners. One of the lab's most high-profile projects is called [[DOME Microserver|DOME]], which is based on developing an IT roadmap for the [[Square Kilometer Array]].

The research projects pursued at the IBM Zürich lab are organized into four scientific and technical departments: Science & Technology, Cloud and AI Systems Research, Cognitive Computing & Industry Solutions and Security Research. The lab is currently managed by Alessandro Curioni.

On 17 May 2011, IBM and the [[ETH Zurich|Swiss Federal Institute of Technology (ETH) Zurich]] opened the [[Binnig and Rohrer Nanotechnology Center]], which is located on the same campus in Rüschlikon.<ref>{{cite web|title=IBM and ETH Zurich open collaborative Nanotechnology Center|url=http://www.zurich.ibm.com/news/11/nanocenter.html|work=Press Release|access-date=17 May 2011|archive-date=16 April 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160416221135/http://www.zurich.ibm.com/news/11/nanocenter.html|url-status=live}}</ref>