Editing Image-guided surgery (section)

===Neurosurgery===

The various applications of navigation for [[neurosurgery]] have been widely used and reported for almost two decades.<ref name="auto" /> According to a study in 2000, researchers were already anticipating that a significant portion of neurosurgery would be performed using computer-based interventions.<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Kelly PJ | title = Stereotactic surgery: what is past is prologue | journal = Neurosurgery | volume = 46 | issue = 1 | pages = 16–27 | date = January 2000 | pmid = 10626931 | doi = 10.1093/neurosurgery/46.1.16 | doi-access = free }}</ref> Recent advancements in ultrasound, including intravascular ultrasound ([[Intravascular ultrasound|IVUS]]) allow for real-time cross sectional mapping of vessels and lateral tissues providing calibrated measurements of vessel diameters, contours and morphology.

Image-guided surgery was originally developed for treatment of brain [[tumors]] using [[stereotactic surgery]] and [[radiosurgery]] that are guided by [[computed tomography]] (CT), [[magnetic resonance imaging]] (MRI) and [[positron emission tomography]] (PET) via technologies such as the [[N-localizer]]<ref>{{cite book | last1 = Galloway | first1 = RL Jr. | editor1-last = Golby | editor1-first = AJ | title = Image-Guided Neurosurgery | chapter = Introduction and Historical Perspectives on Image-Guided Surgery | pages = 2–4 | publisher = Elsevier | location = Amsterdam | year = 2015 | isbn=978-0-12-800870-6|doi=10.1016/B978-0-12-800870-6.00001-7}}</ref> and Sturm-Pastyr localizer.<ref>{{ cite journal | vauthors = Sturm V, Pastyr O, Schlegel W, Scharfenberg H, Zabel HJ, Netzeband G, Schabbert S, Berberich W | s2cid = 38864553 | title = Stereotactic computer tomography with a modified Riechert-Mundinger device as the basis for integrated stereotactic neuroradiological investigations | journal = Acta Neurochirurgica | volume = 68 | issue = 1–2 | pages = 11–17 | year = 1983 | pmid = 6344559 | doi = 10.1007/BF01406197 }}</ref>

Image-guided surgery systems are also used in spine surgery to guide the placement of implants and avoid damaging the nearby neurovascular structures.<ref name=Handbook2019 />