Editing Incubator escapee wiki:Language recognition chart (section)

===[[Romance languages]]===
Lots of [[Latin]] roots.

====[[French language|French]] ([[:fr:Français|Français]])====
* Accented letters: ''â ç è é ê î ô û'', rarely ''ë ï'' ; ''ù'' only in the word ''où'', ''à'' only at the ends of a few words (including ''à''). Never ''á í ì ó ò ú''.
* Angle quotation marks: « » (though "curly-Q" quotation marks are also used); dialogue traditionally indicated by means of dashes.
* Common short words: ''la'', ''le'', ''les'', ''un'', ''une'', ''des'', ''de'', ''du'', ''à'', ''au'', ''et'', ''ou'', ''où'', ''sur'', ''il'', ''elle'', ''ils'', ''se'', ''je'', ''vous'', ''que'', ''qui'', ''y'', ''en'', ''si'', ''ne'', ''est'', ''sont'', ''a'', ''ont''.
* Many apostrophised contractions for common pronouns and particles, i.e. words ''l{{'}}'' or ''d{{'}}'', less often ''c{{'}}'', ''j{{'}}'', ''m{{'}}'', ''n{{'}}'', ''s{{'}}'', ''t{{'}}'', or rarely ''z{{'}}'' — only before a word starting by a vowel or, in some cases, an ''h''.
* Common digraphs and trigraphs:
** Vowels digraphs: ''au'', ''ai'', ''ei'', ''ou''. Word-final ''-ez''.
** Vowels digraphs (nasals): ''an'', ''en'', ''in'', ''on'', rarely ''un''. For all of these, the ''n'' become ''m'' before ''b'', ''p'' or ''m'' (e.g. ''embouchure'', never *''enbouchure'').
** Vowel trigraphs: ''eau'', ''ein'', ''ain'', ''oin''.
** Consonant digraphs: ''ch'', ''gu-''. Rarely ''sh''. Semi-consonant ''-ill-''.
* Letters ''w'' and ''k'', are rare and used only in loanwords, most often from Germanic languages (e.g ''whisky'').
* Ligatures ''œ'' and ''æ'' are conventional but are rarely used (a few words are well known, e.g. ''œil'', ''œuf(s)'', ''bœuf(s)'', most other are scientific/technical and borrowed from Latin).
* Words ending in ''-aux'', ''-eux'', or ''-oux''.

====[[Spanish language|Spanish]] ([[:es:Idioma español|Español]])====
*Characters: ¿ ¡ (inverted question and exclamation marks), ñ
*All vowels (á, é, í, ó, ú) may take an acute accent
*The letter ''u'' can take a diaeresis (ü), but only after the letter g
*Some words frequently used: de, el, del, los, la(s), uno(s), una(s), y
*No apostrophised contractions
*No use of grave accent
*Letters ''k'' and ''w'' are rare and only used in loanwords (e.g. ''walkman'')
*Word beginnings: ll- (check not Welsh or Catalan) double L (ll)
*Word endings: -o, -a, -ción, -miento, -dad
*Angle quotation marks: « » (though "curly-Q" quotation marks are also used); dialogue often indicated by means of dashes

====[[Italian language|Italian]] ([[:it:Lingua italiana|Italiano]])====

*Almost every native word ends in a vowel. Example exceptions include ''non'', ''il'', ''per'', ''con'', ''del''.
*Common one-letter word: ''è''.
*Common word: ''perché''.
*Letter sequences: ''gli'', ''gn'', ''sci''.
*Letters ''j'', ''k'', ''w'', ''x'' and ''y'' are rare and used only in loanwords (e.g. ''whisky'').
*Word endings: ''-o'', ''-a'', ''-zione'', ''-mento'', ''-tà'', ''-aggio''.
*Grave accent (e.g., on à) almost always occurs in the last letter of words.
*Double consonants (''tt'', ''zz'', ''cc'', ''ss'', ''bb'', ''pp'', ''ll'', etc.) are frequent.

====[[Catalan language|Catalan]] ([[:ca:Català|Català]])====
*Characters: à, è, é, í, ï, ò, ó, ú, ü, ç, ·
*Character combination ''tz'' (also common in Basque, however) and ''l·l''
*Syllables and words ending in ''-aig'', ''-eig'', ''-oig'', ''-uig'', ''-aix'', ''-eix'', ''-oix'', ''-uix''
*Letter sequences: ''tx'' (also common in Basque, however) and ''tg''
*Letter ''y'' is only used in the combination ''ny'' and loanwords
*Letters ''k'' and ''w'' are rare and only used in loanwords (e.g. ''walkman'')
*Word endings: ''-o'', ''-a'', ''-es'', ''-ció'', ''-tat'', ''-ment''
*Word beginning: ''ll-'' (also common in Spanish and Welsh, however)
*Common words: ''això'', ''amb'', ''mateix'', ''tots'', ''que''

====[[Romanian language|Romanian]] ([[:ro:Limba română|Română]])====
*Characters: ă â î ș ț
*Common words: și, de, la, a, ai, ale, alor, cu
*Word endings: -a, -ă, -u, -ul, -ului, -ție (or -țiune), -ment, -tate; names ending in -escu
*Double and triple i: copii, copiii
*Note that Romanian is sometimes written online with no diacritics, making it harder to identify. A cedilla is sometimes used on S (ş) and on T (ţ) instead of the correct diacritic, the comma (above).

====[[Portuguese language|Portuguese]] ([[:pt:Língua portuguesa|Português]])====
*Characters: ã, õ, â, ê, ô, á, é, í, ó, ú, à, ç
*Common one-letter words: a, à, e, é, o
*Common two-letter words: ao, as, às, da, de, do, em, os, ou, um
*Common three-letter words: aos, com, das, dos, ele, ela, mas, não, por, que, são, uma
*Common endings: -ção, -dade, -ismo, -mente
*Common digraphs: ch, nh, lh; examples: chave, galinha, baralho.
*The letters k, w and y are rare. They are found mostly in loanwords, e.g.: ''keynesianismo'', ''walkie-talkie'', ''nylon''.
*Most singular words end in a vowel, l, m, r, or z.
*Plural words end in -s.

====[[Walloon language|Walloon]] ([[:wa:Walon|Walon]])====
*Characters: å, é, è, ê, î, ô, û
*Common digraphs and trigraphs: ai, ae, én, -jh-, tch, oe, -nn-, -nnm-, xh, ou
*Common one-letter words: a, å, e, i, t', l', s', k'
*Common two-letter words: al, ås, li, el, vs, ki, si, pô, pa, po, ni, èn, dj'
*Common three-letter words: dji, nén, rén, bén, pol, mel
*Common endings: -aedje, -mint, -xhmint, -ès, -ou, -owe, -yî, -åcion
*Apostrophes are followed by a space (preferably non breaking one), eg: ''l'&nbsp;ome'' instead of ''l'ome''.

====[[Galician language|Galician]] ([[:gl:Lingua galega|Galego]])====
*Similar to Portuguese; the indefinite article "unha" (fem. plural), the suffix -ción and a heavier usage of the letter "x" usually sign Galician.
*Definite articles o (masc. sing.), os (masc. plural), a (fem. sing.), as (fem. plural)
*Common diagraphs: nh (ningunha)
*The letters j, k, w and y are not in the alphabet, and appear only in loanwords