Editing Independent Subway System (section)

===Opening and progress through 1933===

====First Manhattan trunk line, 1932====
[[File:Chambers St 3 vc.jpg|thumb|[[World Trade Center (IND Eighth Avenue Line)|World Trade Center]] station]]
On September 10, 1932, the [[IND Eighth Avenue Line|Eighth Avenue Line]] opened from [[Inwood–207th Street (IND Eighth Avenue Line)|207th Street]] to [[Chambers Street (IND Eighth Avenue Line)|Chambers Street]], inaugurating the IND. In February 1933 the [[Cranberry Street Tunnel]] opened, along with the Eighth Avenue Line from [[Chambers Street (IND Eighth Avenue Line)|Chambers Street]] to [[Jay Street–Borough Hall (IND Eighth Avenue Line)|Jay Street–Borough Hall]]. On the northern end of the construction, in the Bronx, the connecting [[IND Concourse Line|Concourse Line]] opened on July 1, 1933 from [[Norwood–205th Street (IND Concourse Line)|205th Street]] to [[145th Street (IND Concourse Line)|145th Street]].<ref name="chambers">{{cite news|title=Gay Midnight Crowd Rides First Trains in New Subway|url=https://select.nytimes.com/gst/abstract.html?res=FA0D13F7395513738DDDA90994D1405B828FF1D3|work=[[New York Times]]|date=September 10, 1932|page=1}}</ref> On the IND's opening day, it had a relatively small subway car fleet of 300 cars, while the IRT had 2,281 subway and 1,694 elevated cars, and the BMT had 2,472 cars.<ref name="nycsubway.org"/>

The new IND Eighth Avenue Line was built using {{convert|1,000,000|yd3|ft3}} of [[concrete]] and {{convert|150,000|ST|kg}} of [[steel]]. The [[roadbed]] of the new subway was expected to last 30 years.<ref name="nycsubway.org"/> At the time of the line's opening, other portions of the Independent Subway System were under construction, including five underwater tunnels:<ref name="nycsubway.org"/>
*[[Cranberry Street Tunnel]], {{convert|8,487|ft|m}} long
*[[Rutgers Street Tunnel]], {{convert|5,479|ft|m}} long
*[[53rd Street Tunnel]], {{convert|5,589|ft|m}} long
*[[Concourse Tunnel]], {{convert|5,397|ft|m}} long
*[[Greenpoint Tube]], {{convert|4,790|ft|m}} long

There was some [[vandalism]] on the IND Eighth Avenue Line's opening day, as some of the uptown stations were broken into by people who clogged [[turnstile]] slots with [[Chewing gum|gum]] and other objects. Two months after the IND opened for business, three exits from the [[96th Street (IND Eighth Avenue Line)|96th Street]] and [[103rd Street (IND Eighth Avenue Line)|103rd Street]] stations – at 95th and 97th Streets and at 105th Street, respectively – were closed due to theft.<ref name="nycsubway.org"/>

====First branch lines====
[[File:1939 Station Guide Independent City Owned Rapid Transit Railroad.jpg|thumb|300x300px|A map of the IND system, 1939.]]
The Queens Boulevard Line, also referred to as the '''Long Island City−Jamaica Line''', '''Fifty-third Street−Jamaica Line''', and '''Queens Boulevard−Jamaica Line''' prior to opening,<ref name="NYTimes-OurGreatSubway-IND2ndSystem-1929">{{cite web|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1929/09/22/archives/our-great-subway-network-spreads-wider-new-plans-of-board-of.html|title=Our Great Subway Network Spreads Wider; New Plans of Board of Transportation Involve the Building of More Than One Hundred Miles of Additional Rapid Transit Routes for New York|date=September 22, 1929|work=[[The New York Times]]|last1=Duffus|first1=R.L.|access-date=August 19, 2015}}</ref><ref name="NYTimes-QBL-AheadSched-1929">{{cite web|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1929/04/07/archives/queens-subway-work-ahead-of-schedule-completion-will-lead-to-big.html|title=Queens Subway Work Ahead of Schedule: Completion Will Lead to Big Apartrnent Building, Says William C. Speers|date=April 7, 1929|work=[[The New York Times]]|access-date=September 1, 2015}}</ref><ref name="BklynEagle-QnsBestBoro-1929">{{cite web|url=https://www.newspapers.com/image/58266784/?terms=%22178th%22%2Bsubway%2Bqueens|title=Queens Lauded as Best Boro By Chamber Chief|date=September 23, 1929|page=40|via=[[Newspapers.com]]|newspaper=[[Brooklyn Daily Eagle]]|access-date=October 4, 2015}}</ref> was an original line of the city-owned Independent Subway System (IND), planned to stretch between the [[IND Eighth Avenue Line]] in Manhattan and 178th Street and Hillside Avenue in Jamaica, Queens.<ref name="NYTimes-OurGreatSubway-IND2ndSystem-1929" /><ref name="BklynEagle-QnsBestBoro-1929" /><ref name="NYTimes-HylanSubway-CulverCrstwnQBL-1925">[[New York Times]], [https://timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1925/03/21/101651400.pdf New Subway Routes in Hylan Program to Cost $186,046,000], March 21, 1925, p. 1.</ref>

The first section of the line, west from [[Roosevelt Avenue/74th Street (New York City Subway)|Roosevelt Avenue]] to [[50th Street (IND Eighth Avenue Line)|50th Street]], opened on August 19, 1933.<ref name=":32">{{Cite book|url=http://digitalarchives.queenslibrary.org/vital/access/services/Download/aql:12691/SOURCE1?view=true|title=Elmhurst : from town seat to mega-suburb|last=Seyfried|first=Vincent F.|publisher=Vincent F. Seyfried|year=1995}}</ref> '''{{NYCS|E}}''' trains ran local to [[World Trade Center (IND Eighth Avenue Line)|Hudson Terminal]] (today's World Trade Center) in Manhattan, while the {{NYCS|GG}} (predecessor to current '''G''' service) ran as a shuttle service between Queens Plaza and [[Nassau Avenue (IND Crosstown Line)|Nassau Avenue]] on the [[IND Crosstown Line]], which opened on the same day.<ref name=":032">{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=w8cDPQAACAAJ|title=Building the Independent Subway|last=Kramer|first=Frederick A.|date=1990|publisher=Quadrant Press|isbn=978-0-915276-50-9|language=en}}</ref><ref name="Raskin-RoutesNotTaken-20135">{{Cite Routes Not Taken}}</ref><ref name="INDServicesChart">{{cite web|url=http://www.thejoekorner.com/lines/Indhistory.htm|title=Independent Subway Services Beginning in 1932|date=August 21, 2013|website=thejoekorner.com|access-date=August 2, 2015}}</ref><ref name="NYTimes-INDQBLCrstwnOpen-19332">{{cite web|url=https://timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1933/08/18/99841892.pdf|title=Two Subway Units Open at Midnight; Links in City-Owned System in Queens and Brooklyn to Have 15 Stations|date=August 18, 1933|work=[[The New York Times]]|access-date=November 7, 2015}}</ref><ref name="LIDaily-QBL-CrosstownOpen-Aug1933">{{cite news|url=http://fultonhistory.com/highlighter/viewer/?file=http%3A%2F%2Ffultonhistory.com%2FNewspaper%252014%2FJamaica%2520NY%2520Long%2520Island%2520Daily%2520Press%2FJamaica%2520NY%2520Long%2520Island%2520Daily%2520Press%25201933%2FJamaica%2520NY%2520Long%2520Island%2520Daily%2520Press%25201933%2520-%25204319.pdf&highlightsFile=http%3A%2F%2Ffultonhistory.com%2Fhighlighter%2Fhits%2F4b038616712c5736ea2d11c006e2761c#page=1|title=New Queens Subway Service Will Be Launched Tonight; Tunnel From Manhattan Open to Jackson Heights; Service Will Eventually Be Extended Through To Jamaica|date=August 18, 1933|work=Long Island Daily Press|agency=[[Fultonhistory.com]]|page=20|access-date=July 27, 2016}}</ref><ref name="NYPost-QBLOpen-Aug1719332">{{cite news|url=http://fultonhistory.com/highlighter/viewer/?file=http%3A%2F%2Ffultonhistory.com%2FNewspaper%252011%2FNew%2520York%2520Evening%2520Post%2FNew%2520York%2520NY%2520Evening%2520Post%25201933%2520Grayscale%2FNew%2520York%2520NY%2520Evening%2520Post%25201933%2520Grayscale%2520-%25203621.pdf&highlightsFile=http%3A%2F%2Ffultonhistory.com%2Fhighlighter%2Fhits%2Fdc3270b9b47b7092cbaa4226fb0c5c6c#page=1|title=New Queens Tube To Open Saturday: Brooklyn–Long Island City Link of City Line Also to Be Put in Operation|date=August 17, 1933|work=[[New York Post|New York Evening Post]]|agency=[[Fultonhistory.com]]|page=18|access-date=July 27, 2016}}</ref>

The [[Cranberry Street Tunnel]], extending the Eighth Avenue express tracks east under Fulton Street to [[Jay Street–MetroTech (New York City Subway)|Jay Street–Borough Hall]] in Brooklyn, was opened for the morning rush hour on February 1, 1933.<ref name="Jay">{{cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1933/02/01/archives/city-opens-subway-to-brooklyn-today-regular-express-service-on-the.html|title=City Opens Subway to Brooklyn Today|date=February 1, 1933|work=[[New York Times]]|page=19}}</ref> Until June 24, 1933, [[High Street (IND Eighth Avenue Line)|High Street]] was skipped.<ref name="nycsubway.org" />

The first short section of the IND Culver Line opened on March 20, 1933, taking Eighth Avenue Express {{NYCS|A}} trains (and for about a month from July to August {{NYCS|C}} trains) south from Jay Street to [[Bergen Street (IND Culver Line)|Bergen Street]].<ref name="INDServicesChart3">{{cite web|url=http://www.thejoekorner.com/lines/Indhistory.htm|title=Independent Subway Services Beginning in 1932|date=August 21, 2013|website=thejoekorner.com|access-date=August 2, 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1933/03/20/archives/city-subway-adds-a-new-link-today-service-to-be-extended-halfmile.html|title=City Subway Adds a New Link Today|date=March 20, 1933|work=[[New York Times]]|page=17}}</ref> The rest of the line opened on October 7, 1933 to the "temporary" terminal at Church Avenue,<ref name="INDServicesChart3" /><ref name="Church">[[New York Times]], [https://www.nytimes.com/1933/10/07/archives/6000000-saving-planned-for-irt-drastic-economies-described-by.html City Subway Extended], October 7, 1933, page 16</ref> three blocks away from the Culver elevated at Ditmas Avenue.<ref name="BklynEagle-Culver-Coney-Imminent-Jan1941">{{cite web|url=https://www.newspapers.com/image/52625576/?terms=culver%2Bramp%2Bsubway|title=New One-Fare Link to Coney Imminent: Transportation Board to Seek Bids For Culver Ramp to Independent Line|date=January 2, 1941|pages=1, 5|last1=Schmalacker|first1=Joseph H.|via=[[Newspapers.com]]|newspaper=[[Brooklyn Daily Eagle]]|access-date=September 15, 2015}}</ref><ref name="MTA-BoroughPk-Kensington-2015">{{cite NYCS map|neighborhood|Borough Park}}</ref> In 1936, the A was rerouted to the [[IND Fulton Street Line]] and {{NYCS|E}} trains from the [[IND Queens Boulevard Line|Queens Boulevard Line]] replaced them.<ref name="INDServicesChart3" />