Editing Infant formula (section)

===Health risks===
Use of infant formula has been cited for association with numerous increased health risks. Studies have found infants in developed countries who consume formula are at increased risk for acute [[otitis media]], [[gastroenteritis]], severe lower respiratory tract infections, atopic [[dermatitis]], [[asthma]], [[obesity]],<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Melnik BC | title = Excessive Leucine-mTORC1-Signalling of Cow Milk-Based Infant Formula: The Missing Link to Understand Early Childhood Obesity | journal = Journal of Obesity | volume = 2012 | pages = 197653 | date = 2012-01-01 | pmid = 22523661 | pmc = 3317169 | doi = 10.1155/2012/197653 | doi-access = free }}</ref> type 1 and 2 [[diabetes]], [[sudden infant death syndrome]] (SIDS), [[eczema]] and [[necrotizing enterocolitis]] when compared to infants who are breastfed.<ref name="AHRQ-Tufts">{{cite journal | vauthors = Ip S, Chung M, Raman G, Chew P, Magula N, DeVine D, Trikalinos T, Lau J | display-authors = 6 | title = Breastfeeding and maternal and infant health outcomes in developed countries | journal = Evidence Report/Technology Assessment | issue = 153 | pages = 1–186 | date = April 2007 | pmid = 17764214 | pmc = 4781366 | isbn = 9781587632426 | url = https://archive.org/details/breastfeedingmat00ipst | url-access = registration }}</ref><ref name="pmid9233193">{{cite journal | vauthors = Riordan JM | title = The cost of not breastfeeding: a commentary | journal = Journal of Human Lactation | volume = 13 | issue = 2 | pages = 93–97 | date = June 1997 | pmid = 9233193 | doi = 10.1177/089033449701300202 | s2cid = 27447579 }}</ref><ref name="pmid15037991">{{cite journal | vauthors = Sadauskaite-Kuehne V, Ludvigsson J, Padaiga Z, Jasinskiene E, Samuelsson U | title = Longer breastfeeding is an independent protective factor against development of type 1 diabetes mellitus in childhood | journal = Diabetes/Metabolism Research and Reviews | volume = 20 | issue = 2 | pages = 150–157 | year = 2004 | pmid = 15037991 | doi = 10.1002/dmrr.425 | s2cid = 41423626 }}</ref><ref name="pmid6734490">{{cite journal | vauthors = Pratt HF | title = Breastfeeding and eczema | journal = Early Human Development | volume = 9 | issue = 3 | pages = 283–290 | date = April 1984 | pmid = 6734490 | doi = 10.1016/0378-3782(84)90039-2 }}</ref> Some studies have found an association between infant formula and lower [[cognitive development]], including iron supplementation in baby formula being linked to lowered [[I.Q.]] and other neurodevelopmental delays;<ref name="pmid16087970">{{cite journal | vauthors = McCann JC, Ames BN | title = Is docosahexaenoic acid, an n-3 long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acid, required for development of normal brain function? An overview of evidence from cognitive and behavioral tests in humans and animals | journal = The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition | volume = 82 | issue = 2 | pages = 281–295 | date = August 2005 | pmid = 16087970 | doi = 10.1093/ajcn.82.2.281 | doi-access = free }}</ref><ref name="Kerr1">{{cite news| vauthors = Kerr M, Lie D | title = Neurodevelopmental Delays Associated With Iron-Fortified Formula for Healthy Infants | work = Medscape Psychiatry and Mental Health| year = 2008| url = https://www.medscape.com/viewarticle/574363| access-date =August 4, 2008 }}</ref> however other studies have found no correlation.<ref name="AHRQ-Tufts"/> Causation, however, has not been established for negative long-term health effects of infant formula; studies analyzing health outcomes for breastfed vs. formula fed babies are primarily observational in nature and are plagued with confounding factors such as socioeconomic status, education level, and maternal preexisting conditions (such as obesity, which is associated with both low milk production and childhood obesity). When confounding factors are controlled for, differences between long-term health of breastfed and formula fed infants decrease.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Is the "breast is best" mantra an oversimplification? |url=https://www.mdedge.com/clinicianreviews/article/166932/pediatrics/breast-best-mantra-oversimplification |access-date=2022-03-12 |website=www.mdedge.com |language=en}}</ref>

====Melamine contamination====
{{Main|2008 Chinese milk scandal}}
In 2008, a case of melamine poisoning of infant formula was discovered in [[China]], where milk was deliberately adulterated with the chemical, leading to the death of six babies, and illnesses in more than 300,000 infants, including cases of [[acute kidney failure]]. Large quantities of melamine were added to watered-down milk to give it the appearance of having adequate protein levels. Some of those responsible for the poisoning were sentenced to death.<ref name="theglobeandmail.com"/>

In November 2008, traces of [[melamine]] were reported to have been found by the U.S. [[Food and Drug Administration]] in infant formula sold in the United States made by the three main American firms<ref name="AP">{{cite web | url = http://www.ap.org/FOI/foi_112608b.htm | title= FDA Finds Traces Of Melamine In US Infant Formula | website= [[Associated Press]] | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20110711215534/http://ap.org/FOI/foi_112608b.htm | archive-date = July 11, 2011 }}, posted by [[Associated Press]], November 26, 2008.</ref><ref>[http://www.nbcnews.com/id/27914218 Calls for national infant formula recall spread: Worried parents look for guidance after traces of melamine found], posted by NBC News, November 26, 2008.</ref> — [[Abbott Laboratories]], [[Nestlé]] and [[Mead Johnson]] — responsible for 90–99% of the infant formula market in that country.<ref name="whopays"/><ref name="AP"/> The levels were much less than those reported in China, where levels of melamine contamination had reached as much as 2,500 parts per million, about 10,000 times higher than the recorded US levels. The [[safety data sheet]] for melamine ([[CAS registry number]] 108-78-1; C3-H6-N6) recorded the acute oral toxicity ([[median lethal dose]]) at 3161&nbsp;mg/kg for a rat.

[[Health Canada]] conducted a separate test and also detected traces of melamine in infant formula available in Canada. The melamine levels were well below Health Canada's safety limits,<ref>Health Canada. [http://hc-sc.gc.ca/fn-an/securit/chem-chim/melamine/qa-melamine-qr-eng.php Questions and Answers – Melamine.] Retrieved August 9, 2011.</ref> although concerns remain about the safety of manufactured food for infants and monitoring of potentially dangerous substances.<ref name="theglobeandmail.com">[https://www.theglobeandmail.com/report-on-business/international-news/global-exchange/chinese-news-media-step-up-efforts-in-fight-for-food-safety/article2026156/ Chinese news media step up efforts in fight for food safety] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161013145209/http://www.theglobeandmail.com/report-on-business/international-news/global-exchange/chinese-news-media-step-up-efforts-in-fight-for-food-safety/article2026156/ |date=October 13, 2016 }}, ''The Globe and Mail'', posted May 18, 2011.</ref>

====Other health controversies====
* In 1985, [[Syntex Corporation]] was ordered to pay $27 million in compensation for the deaths of two American infants who suffered brain damage after drinking the company's baby formula, called ''Neo-mull-soy''.<ref>{{cite news |vauthors=Mount C |title=$27 Million for 2 Victims |url=https://pqasb.pqarchiver.com/chicagotribune/access/25099431.html?dids=25099431:25099431&FMT=ABS&FMTS=ABS:FT&date=Mar+01%2C+1985&author=Charles+Mount&pub=Chicago+Tribune+(pre-1997+Fulltext)&desc=%2427+MILLION+FOR+2+VICTIMS+OF+BABY+FORMULA&pqatl=google |quote=were given the baby formula, called Neo-mull-soy, when they were infants ... In 1978, Syntex eliminated salt from the formula, a move that Hayes said caused ... |work=Chicago Tribune |date=March 1, 1985 |access-date=April 23, 2009 |archive-date=October 20, 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121020081548/http://pqasb.pqarchiver.com/chicagotribune/access/25099431.html?dids=25099431:25099431&FMT=ABS&FMTS=ABS:FT&date=Mar+01,+1985&author=Charles+Mount&pub=Chicago+Tribune+(pre-1997+Fulltext)&desc=$27+MILLION+FOR+2+VICTIMS+OF+BABY+FORMULA&pqatl=google |url-status=dead }}</ref> Formulas produced by Syntex had previously been subject to a major recall as they were found to have insufficient chloride to support normal infant growth and development.<ref>[http://leda.law.harvard.edu/leda/data/823/Goedert_07.html The Syntex Problem] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110927172129/http://leda.law.harvard.edu/leda/data/823/Goedert_07.html |date=September 27, 2011 }}, by Robert Goedert, Harvard Law School, May 2007.</ref>
* In 2003, baby plant-based formula manufactured by the German company ''Humana'' and sold in Israel under the brand ''Remedia'' caused severe vitamin deficiencies in babies. Babies who consumed the formula were hospitalized with cardiac and neurological symptoms. Three of them died, and at least twenty others were left with severe disabilities. An investigation revealed that the formula contained a much lower quantity of [[Thiamine]] than is needed for healthy infant development because of a manufacturing error. Humana's chief food technologist received a 30-month prison sentence for negligent manslaughter in February 2013 over the case.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.timesofisrael.com/study-of-israeli-baby-formula-tragedy-highlights-vital-vitamin-b1-role/|title=Study of Israeli baby formula tragedy highlights vital vitamin B1 role|website=The Times of Israel|access-date=April 3, 2018}}</ref>
* In 2010, [[Abbott Laboratories]] issued a voluntary recall of about five million ''Similac'' brand powder infant formulas that were sold in the United States, Guam, Puerto Rico and some Caribbean countries. The recall was issued after the presence of a 'small common [[beetle]]' was detected in the product.<ref>[http://www.abbott.com/global/url/pressRelease/en_US/60.5:5/Press_Release_0900.htm Abbott Voluntarily Recalls Certain Similac® Brand Powder Infant Formulas] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111021063012/http://www.abbott.com/global/url/pressRelease/en_US/60.5:5/Press_Release_0900.htm |date=October 21, 2011 }}, Abbott Press Release, issued September 22, 2010.</ref>
*In Canada, New Zealand and elsewhere, public concerns have been raised over the continued sale and marketing of soy-based formulae potentially containing high levels of [[phytoestrogens]],<ref>INFACT Canada. [http://www.infactcanada.ca/genetic.htm Genetic engineering and infant foods.]</ref><ref>World Alliance for Breastfeeding Action. [https://www.waba.org.my/whatwedo/environment/penny_infants.htm Infant Feeding Products.]</ref> linked to abnormal child development<ref>Aksglaede L. [http://www.healthcoalition.ca/archive/hormones2006.pdf The sensitivity of the child to sex steroids: possible impact of exogenous estrogens.] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110927084213/http://www.healthcoalition.ca/archive/hormones2006.pdf |date=September 27, 2011 }} ''Human Reproduction Update'', Advance Access published May 2, 2006.</ref> including damage to babies' thyroid glands.
*In December 2011 Wal-Mart recalled a quantity of infant formula after a baby died in Missouri. "We extend our deepest condolences to this baby boy's family as they try to come to grips with their loss," said Dianna Gee, a Wal-Mart spokeswoman. "As soon as we heard what happened, we immediately reached out to the manufacturer of the formula and to the Department of Health and Senior Services to provide any information we may have to help with the investigation." Wal-Mart said it pulled a batch of Enfamil from its stores nationwide that matched the size and lot number ZP1k7G of the formula that may have sickened the baby in Missouri, Gee said. The baby formula was purchased from a Wal-Mart in Lebanon, Missouri. After the purchase, a 10-day-old infant died from a rare bacterial infection, CNN affiliate KYTV reported. Authorities ran tests to determine if the death came from the formula, the water to make the formula or any other factor, said Mead Johnson Nutrition, the company that makes Enfamil. "We are highly confident in the safety and quality of our products – and the rigorous testing we put them through," said Chris Perille, a Mead Johnson Nutrition spokesman.[Source CNN]