Editing Innovation system (section)

==Examples of definitions of National Innovation Systems ==
A national system of innovation has been defined as follows:

* "... the network of institutions in the public and private sectors whose activities and interactions initiate, import, modify and diffuse  new technologies." (Freeman, 1987)
* "... the elements and relationships which interact in the production, diffusion and use of new, and economically useful, knowledge ... and are either located within or rooted inside the borders of a nation state." (Lundvall, 1992)
* "... a set of institutions whose interactions determine the innovative performance ... of national firms."  (Nelson, 1993)
* "... the national institutions, their incentive structures and their competencies, that determine the rate and direction of technological learning (or the volume and composition of change generating activities) in a country." (Patel and Pavitt, 1994)
* "... that set of distinct institutions which jointly and individually contribute to the development and diffusion of new technologies and which provides the framework within which governments form and implement policies to influence the innovation process.  As such it is a system of interconnected institutions to create, store and transfer the knowledge, skills and artefacts which define new technologies." (Metcalfe, 1995)
* "... all important economic, social, political, organisational, institutional, and other factors that influence the development, diffusion, and use of innovations." (Edquist, 2005).<ref>{{Cite book |last=Edquist |first=C. |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/241678040 |title=The Oxford Handbook of Innovation |publisher=[[Oxford University Press]] |year=2005 |editor-last=Fagerberg |editor-first=Jan |pages=182 |chapter=Systems of Innovation: Perspectives and Challenges |doi=10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199286805.003.0007 |editor-last2=Mowery |editor-first2=David C.}}  </ref>

* "... a human social network that behaves like a sociobiological system, wherein people have developed patterns of behaviour that minimise transaction costs caused by social barriers resulting from geography, lack of trust, differences in language and culture, and inefficient social networks." (Hwang and Horowitt, 2012)<ref>{{cite book|last=Hwang|first=Victor and Greg Horowitt|title=The Rainforest: The Secret to Building the Next Silicon Valley|year=2012|publisher=Regenwald|location=Los Altos Hills|isbn=978-0615586724|pages=304|url=http://www.therainforestbook.com/|access-date=2013-06-11|archive-date=2013-08-20|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130820030349/http://www.therainforestbook.com/|url-status=dead}}</ref>