Editing Insect collecting (section)

== Insect pins ==
{{main|Insect pins}}
[[File:Insect Safari - beetle 36.jpg|thumb|Part of a beetle collection. The insects are fixed in place by entomological pins which allow handling and which also pierce the data label]]
[[File:StagedSyrphidae.jpg|thumb|A hoverfly double-mounted with a minuten pin and a size 3 pin]]

'''Insect pins''' are used by [[entomologist]]s for mounting insect specimens.<ref name="Manoj K. 2022"/>

As standard, they are {{convert|38|mm|inch}} long and come in sizes from 000 (the smallest diameter), through 00, 0, and 1, to 8 (the largest diameter).{{sfn|Gibb|Oseto|2010|p=53}}{{sfn|Dhooria|2009a|p=114}}{{sfn|Banks|1909|p=53}}
The most generally useful size in entomology is size 2, which is {{convert|0.46|mm|inch}} in diameter, with sizes 1 and 3 being the next most useful.{{sfn|Gibb|Oseto|2010|p=53}}{{sfn|Dhooria|2009a|p=114}}

They were once commonly made from brass or silver, but these would corrode from contact with insect bodies and are no longer commonly used.{{sfn|Gibb|Oseto|2010|p=53}}
Instead they are nickel-plated brass, yielding "white" or "black" enamelling, or even made from stainless steel.{{sfn|Dhooria|2009a|p=114}}
Similarly, the smallest sizes from 000 to 1 used to be impractical for mounting until plastic and polyethylene became commonly used for pinning bases.{{sfn|Gibb|Oseto|2010|p=53}}

There are also ''micropins'', which are {{convert|10|-|15|mm|inch}} long.{{sfn|Dhooria|2009a|p=114}}
''minutens'' are headless micropins that are generally only made of stainless steel, used for double-mounting, where the insect is mounted on the minuten, which is pinned to a small block of soft material, which is in turn mounted on a standard, larger, insect pin.{{sfn|Gibb|Oseto|2010|pp=55&ndash;56}}{{sfn|Dhooria|2009b|p=146}}

===Pinning of entomological specimens===
[[File:US Navy 100506-N-7498L-152 Sailors assigned to the entomology division of Navy Environmental and Preventive Medicine (NEPMU) 6 at Joint Base Pearl Harbor-Hickam collect various insects for study.jpg|thumb|Directly-pinned Diptera. Though most of these specimens are at the correct height, some have been pinned incorrectly by placing the pin on the centre line, damaging characters on both sides of the thorax.]]
[[File:Setting boards.JPG|thumb|Setting boards]]

*'''Entomological pins'''. Continental pins, so called for historical reasons, are used internationally by museums and collectors. They are made of stainless steel for preference, especially for very long-term storage of specimens, but blackened steel also is used. The pins have round plastic or solid metal heads. Continental pins are of a standard length (40mm), but they are available in thicknesses numbered 000 (the thinnest), 00, 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, and 6 (the thickest). This standard pin length is sufficient to accommodate an adequate number of data labels and to permit convenient handling with suitably curved [[forceps]] or tweezers, referred to as 'entomological forceps'.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Common |first1=I. F. B. |title=Moths of Australia |date=1990 |publisher=BRILL |isbn=978-90-04-09227-3 |page=473 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=magzbmvdRvQC&pg=PA473 |access-date=14 June 2022 |language=en}}</ref>
As an exception to this standard, there also are pins of size 7, extra-long and very strong pins for very large beetles; they are 52mm long and thicker than size 6 pins. 
*'''Direct pinning.''' Direct pinning is the insertion of an entomological pin directly through the [[Thorax (insect anatomy)|thorax]] of a specimen. The insects are pinned vertically through the thorax with a suitably sized pin, but by convention they are ''not'' pinned on the midline, but to the right, so as to leave at least one side undamaged.<ref name="OregonGuide">{{cite web |last1=Rondon |first1=Sylvia |last2=Corp |first2=Mary |title=Pinning and Labeling Insects |url=https://extension.oregonstate.edu/sites/default/files/documents/9591/pinning-insects.pdf |website=oregonstate.edu |publisher=Oregon State University |access-date=14 June 2022}}</ref>
*'''Point'''. A point is a triangular piece of white card. Specially designed point punches permit the production of large numbers of points of standard sizes as required. To use a point, a pin is inserted through the broad base of the triangle. To mount the specimen, a tiny amount of glue is placed on the tip and applied to the right side of the insect's thorax.<ref name="OregonGuide"/> If appropriate the tip of the point may be bent at the necessary angle to hold the body of the specimen horizontal when the pin is vertical, with the long axis of the insect at right angles to the point.
[[File:Sciapus nervosus.jpg|thumb|Sciapus nervosus glued to a card point]]
[[File:InsectCollectionDiptera.jpg|thumb|Diptera mounted on card points]]
*'''Minuten pins'''. Insect pins without heads, 12mm long. They are used for double mounting (staging) very small insects. They also may be used profitably for staging insects of moderate size, where they have the advantage of being less damaging to the specimen. For best effect in that respect, the pin is inserted from below through the staging card, well into the thorax, but not all the way through. Alternatively the minuten pin can be inserted laterally into one side of the thorax, again preferably not all the way through.
*'''Carding'''. Insects (especially [[Coleoptera]] and [[Hemiptera]]) are glued to rectangular pieces of acid free card or [[Bristol board]] providing a stage. Typical sizes are 4.5 x 11&nbsp;mm;5 x 14&nbsp;mm;6 x 17&nbsp;mm;10 x 21&nbsp;mm;13 x 30&nbsp;mm. Printed lines allow uniform placement of the entomological pin. Though this is convenient, it is dubious practice at best, because it obscures features that might be necessary for taxonomic or morphological studies. In any case, at the very least the glue should be sufficiently conveniently soluble to be removed with solvents when necessary. With such considerations in mind, [[Canada balsam]] is about as good an adhesive as any. 
[[File:CardedHemiptera.jpg|thumb|A carded bug]]
*'''Staging'''. When specimens are mounted on a smaller support which in turn is supported on a normal full-sized entomological pin, this is called staging. For example a specimen might be mounted on a minuten pin, typically being pinned on its side (lateral pinning) or upright (direct pinning) with the minuten pin driven into a stage, a strip of suitable material such as dried plant [[pith]] or plastic foam supported in a horizontal position on the main entomological pin; as a rule a number 3 pin is convenient. Other forms of stage include card mounts and point mounts. 
:The stage usually is positioned at such a distance up the vertical stage-pin, as to put the specimen at the same height as a directly pinned insect; this normally allows room for labels beneath and to allow handling of the specimen without damage. 
:If insects are side-pinned by pins that pass right through the specimens, then the minuten should be at such an angle that different features are damaged on the opposite sides of the thorax. Competent staging protects small specimens and displays most features conveniently. The stage-pin then is easy to manipulate when moving the specimen and the stage absorbs vibrations.