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Instrumental case
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===Sanskrit=== The instrumental case in [[Classical Sanskrit]] can have several meanings:<ref>DESHPANDE, Madhav; "Samskrita-Subodhini", 2007. Michigan Papers on South and Southwest Asia, No. 47. CENTERS FOR SOUTH AND SOUTHWEST ASIAN STUDIES, UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN. {{ISBN|0-89148-079-X}}.</ref> * It can indicate the instrument (of an action): {{fs interlinear|lang=sa|indent=4 |रामो लेखन्या लिखति। |Rāmo ''lekhanyā'' likhati. |"Rāma writes ''with a pen''."}} * It can be used to indicate someone or something accompanying an action. In this case, the sense of "company" is indicated by postpositions like सह ''saha'' ("with") (may be optionally omitted): {{fs interlinear|lang=sa|indent=4 |दासेन सह देवदत्तोऽगच्छत्। |''Dāsena'' ''saha'' devadatto'gacchat. |"Devadatta went ''accompanied by the servant''."}} * It can indicate the agent of a passive verb: {{fs interlinear|lang=sa|indent=4 |देवदत्तेन यवं खाद्यते। |''Devadattena'' yavaṁ khādyate. |"Barley is eaten ''by Devadatta''."}} * It can indicate the cause, reason or circumstance of an action. In this case, it can be translated as "because of", "out of", etc.: {{fs interlinear|lang=sa|indent=4 |दुःखेन ग्रामम् अत्यजत्। |''duḥkhena'' grāmam atyajat. |"He abandoned the village ''out of misery''."}} * It is used with the preposition विना ''vinā'' ("without"): {{fs interlinear|lang=sa|indent=4 |जलेन विना पद्मं नश्यति। |''jalena'' ''vinā'' padmaṁ naśyati. |"A lotus dies ''without water''."}} * It can also be used with the particles अलम् ''alam'' and कृतम् ''kṛtam'', both meaning "enough". {{fs interlinear|lang=sa|indent=4 |कृतं कोलाहलेन। |kṛtaṁ ''kolāhalena''. |"Enough with ''noise''."}}
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