Editing Integralism (section)

===Teachings===
Catholic integralism is an interpretation of [[Catholic social teaching]] that argues for an [[Authoritarianism|authoritarian]]<ref name=":1">{{Cite book |last=Gunson |first=Phil |title=The Dictionary of Contemporary Politics of South America |publisher=[[Taylor & Francis]] |year=2015 |isbn=9781317271352 |pages=145}}</ref> and anti-[[Pluralism (political philosophy)|pluralist]] [[Christian state|Catholic state]],<ref name=Kertzer1980/><ref name=Krogt/> wherever the preponderance of Catholics within that society makes this possible; it was born in 19th-century Portugal, Spain, France, and Italy. It was a movement that sought to assert a Catholic underpinning to all social and political action and to minimize or eliminate any competing ideological actors, such as [[secular humanism]] and [[liberalism]].<ref name=Kertzer1980>{{cite book |last1=Kertzer |first1=David I. |title=Comrades and Christians: Religions and Political Struggle in Communist Italy |date=1980 |publisher=CUP Archive |isbn=978-0-521-22879-4 |pages=101–102 }}</ref><ref name=Krogt/> Integralism arose in opposition to [[liberalism]], which some Catholics saw as a "relentless and destructive ideology".<ref name="unreasonable">{{cite journal|first1=Micah |last1=Schwartzman|first2= Jocelyn|last2= Wilson|title=The Unreasonableness of Catholic Integralism|volume=56 |journal=San Diego Law Review |pages=1039–|date=2019|url= https://digital.sandiego.edu/sdlr/vol56/iss4/10 }}</ref>{{rp|1041}} Catholic integralism does not support the creation of an autonomous "Catholic" State Church, or [[Erastianism]] ([[Gallicanism]] in French context). Rather, it supports subordinating the state to the moral principles of Catholicism. Thus, it rejects separating [[Catholic moral theology|morality]] from the state and favours Catholicism as the proclaimed religion of the state.<ref name=Krogt/>

Catholic integralism appeals to the teaching on the necessity of the subordination of the state and on the subordination of temporal to spiritual power of medieval popes such as [[Pope Gregory VII]] and [[Pope Boniface VIII]]. However, Catholic integralism as a more consciously articulated doctrine came about as a reaction against the political and cultural changes that followed the Enlightenment and the French Revolution.<ref name=Krogt/> The 19th-century papacy challenged the growth of liberalism (with its doctrine of popular sovereignty) as well as new scientific and historical methods and theories (which were thought to threaten the special status of the Christian revelation). [[Pope Pius IX]] condemned a list of liberal and Enlightenment ideas in his ''[[Syllabus of Errors]]''. The term ''integralism'' was applied to a Spanish political party founded about 1890, which based its programme on the ''Syllabus''. Catholic integralism reached its "classical" form in the reaction against [[Modernism (Roman Catholicism)|modernism]]. The term did not, however, become popular till the time of [[Pope Pius X]], whose [[papacy]] lasted from 1903 to 1914. After the papal condemnation of modernism in 1907, those most active in promoting the papal teachings were sometimes referred to as ''"integral Catholics"'' ({{langx|fr|Catholiques intégraux}}), from which the words ''intégrisme'' (integrism) and ''intégralisme'' (integralism) were derived.<ref name=Krogt/> Encouraged by [[Pope Pius X]], they sought out and exposed any co-religionist whom they suspected of modernism or liberalism. An important integralist organization was the [[Sodalitium Pianum]], known in France as ''La Sapinière'' (fir plantation), which was founded in 1909 by [[Umberto Benigni]].<ref name=Krogt/>

Another component of the anti-modernist programme of Pius X was its insistence on the importance of [[Thomas Aquinas]], both in theology and philosophy.  In his decree ''Postquam Sanctissimus'' of 1914, the pope published a list of 24 philosophical theses to summarise 'the principles and more important thoughts' of St Thomas.<ref>Postquam sanctissimus Archived 10 August 2007 at the Wayback Machine, Latin with English translation
See also P. Lumbreras's commentary on the 24 Thomistic Theses Archived 5 June 2011 at the Wayback Machine.</ref> Thus integralism is also understood to include a commitment to the teachings of the Angelic Doctor, understood especially as a bulwark against the subjectivist and sceptical philosophies emanating from Descartes and his successors.