Editing Intel (section)

===Early history===
At its founding, Intel was distinguished by its ability to make [[logic circuit]]s using [[semiconductor device]]s. The founders' goal was the [[semiconductor memory]] market, widely predicted to replace [[magnetic-core memory]]. Its first product, a quick entry into the small, high-speed memory market in 1969, was the 3101 [[Schottky transistor|Schottky TTL]] [[bipolar junction transistor|bipolar]] 64-bit [[static random-access memory]] (SRAM), which was nearly twice as fast as earlier Schottky diode implementations by Fairchild and the Electrotechnical Laboratory in [[Tsukuba, Ibaraki|Tsukuba, Japan]].<ref>[http://www.computerhistory.org/semiconductor/timeline/1969-Schottky.html 1969&nbsp;– Schottky-Barrier Diode Doubles the Speed of TTL Memory & Logic] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111004034001/http://www.computerhistory.org/semiconductor/timeline/1969-Schottky.html |date=October 4, 2011 }} Computer History Museum. Retrieved September 23, 2011.</ref><ref>[https://docs.google.com/viewer?a=v&pid=explorer&chrome=true&srcid=0B9rh9tVI0J5mZWJjZTRlN2MtOTJiMy00YmRmLWE0MjMtODI1ZDQ5MTU2YTFl&hl=en Schottky Bipolar 3101, 3101A RAMs] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120113161933/https://docs.google.com/viewer?a=v&pid=explorer&chrome=true&srcid=0B9rh9tVI0J5mZWJjZTRlN2MtOTJiMy00YmRmLWE0MjMtODI1ZDQ5MTU2YTFl&hl=en |date=January 13, 2012 }} Google Docs.</ref> In the same year, Intel also produced the 3301 Schottky bipolar 1024-bit [[read-only memory]] (ROM)<ref>{{Cite web |title=Schottky Bipolar 3301A ROM |url=https://drive.google.com/file/d/0B9rh9tVI0J5mYWM3MGM1NWItYjI2YS00MGU0LWFiOGYtZjczZDdjY2IxNGJl/view |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120114004128/https://docs.google.com/viewer?a=v&pid=explorer&chrome=true&srcid=0B9rh9tVI0J5mYWM3MGM1NWItYjI2YS00MGU0LWFiOGYtZjczZDdjY2IxNGJl&hl=en |archive-date=January 14, 2012 |access-date=2025-05-20 |website=Google Docs}}</ref> and the first commercial [[MOSFET|metal–oxide–semiconductor field-effect transistor]] (MOSFET) [[silicon gate]] SRAM chip, the 256-bit 1101.<ref name="Intel_Museum" /><ref name="Intel-Product-Timeline">{{cite web|url=http://download.intel.com/museum/research/arc_collect/timeline/TimelineDateSort7_05.pdf |title=A chronological list of Intel products. The products are sorted by date. |access-date=July 31, 2007 |date=July 2005 |work=Intel museum |publisher=Intel Corporation |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20070809053720/http://download.intel.com/museum/research/arc_collect/timeline/TimelineDateSort7_05.pdf |archive-date=August 9, 2007}}</ref><!-- I am not sure if this reference is formatted correctly with only the archive URL still operating.--><ref>{{Cite web |title=Silicon Gate MOS 1101A RAM |url=https://drive.google.com/file/d/0B9rh9tVI0J5mYjBjNmY1YTktY2U2OS00MDNiLWI1YTAtZjhhOWE1NjQyN2Zk/view |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120113192720/https://docs.google.com/viewer?a=v&pid=explorer&chrome=true&srcid=0B9rh9tVI0J5mYjBjNmY1YTktY2U2OS00MDNiLWI1YTAtZjhhOWE1NjQyN2Zk&hl=en |archive-date=January 13, 2012 |access-date=2025-05-20 |website=Google Docs}}</ref>

While the 1101 was a significant advance, its complex static [[Memory cell (computing)|cell structure]] made it too slow and costly for [[mainframe computer|mainframe]] memories. The three-[[transistor]] cell implemented in the first commercially available [[dynamic random-access memory]] (DRAM), the [[Intel 1103|1103]] released in 1970, solved these issues. The 1103 was the bestselling semiconductor memory chip in the world by 1972, as it replaced core memory in many applications.<ref>{{cite magazine |last=Sideris |first=George |title=The Intel 1103: The MOS memory that defied cores |magazine=Electronics |pages=108–113 |date=April 26, 1973}}</ref><ref name=Bellis>{{cite web|url=https://www.thoughtco.com/who-invented-the-intel-1103-dram-chip-4078677|title=Who Invented the Intel 1103 DRAM Chip|author=Mary Bellis|date=August 25, 2016|publisher=[[ThoughtCo]]|access-date=February 6, 2018|archive-date=September 5, 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170905034436/https://www.thoughtco.com/who-invented-the-intel-1103-dram-chip-4078677|url-status=live}}</ref> Intel's business grew during the 1970s as it expanded and improved its manufacturing processes and produced a wider range of [[Product (business)|products]], still dominated by various memory devices.

[[File:Federico Faggin (cropped).jpg|thumb|upright|[[Federico Faggin]], designer of the [[Intel 4004]]]]

Intel created the first commercially available microprocessor, the [[Intel 4004]], in 1971.<ref name="Intel_Museum" /> The microprocessor represented a notable advance in the technology of integrated circuitry, as it miniaturized the central processing unit of a computer, which then made it possible for small machines to perform calculations that in the past only very large machines could do. Considerable technological innovation was needed before the microprocessor could become the basis of what was first known as a "mini computer" and then a "personal computer".<ref>''The Unfinished Nation'', Volume 2, Brinkley, p. 786.</ref> Intel also created one of the first [[microcomputer]]s in 1973.<ref name="Intel-Product-Timeline" /><ref name="Intellec-1973">{{cite web |url=http://www.old-computers.com/MUSEUM/computer.asp?c=754&st=1 |title=Intel Intellec Series |access-date=July 31, 2007 |last=Silberhorn |first=Gottfried |author2=Colin Douglas Howell |work=old-computers.com |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100727141838/http://www.old-computers.com/MUSEUM/computer.asp?c=754&st=1 |archive-date=July 27, 2010 |url-status=dead }}</ref>

Intel opened its first international manufacturing facility in 1972, in [[Malaysia]], which would host multiple Intel operations, before opening assembly facilities and semiconductor plants in [[Singapore]] and [[Jerusalem]] in the early 1980s, and manufacturing and development centers in [[China]], [[India]], and [[Costa Rica|Costa]] Rica in the 1990s.<ref>{{cite web |title=Intel: 35 Years of Innovation (1968–2003) |url=https://www.intel.com/Assets/PDF/General/35yrs.pdf |publisher=Intel |year=2003 |access-date=June 26, 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211104070452/https://www.intel.com/Assets/PDF/General/35yrs.pdf |archive-date=November 4, 2021 |url-status=dead}}</ref> By the early 1980s, its business was dominated by DRAM chips. However, increased competition from Japanese semiconductor manufacturers had, by 1983, dramatically reduced the profitability of this market. The growing success of the [[IBM]] personal computer, based on an Intel microprocessor, was among factors that convinced Gordon Moore (CEO since 1975) to shift the company's focus to microprocessors and to change fundamental aspects of that business model. Moore's decision to sole-source Intel's 386 chip played into the company's continuing success.

By the end of the 1980s, buoyed by its fortuitous position as microprocessor supplier to IBM and IBM's competitors within the rapidly growing [[IBM PC compatible|personal computer market]], Intel embarked on 10 years of unprecedented growth as the primary and most profitable hardware supplier to the PC industry, part of the winning 'Wintel' combination. Moore handed over his position as CEO to [[Andy Grove]] in 1987. By launching its Intel Inside [[marketing campaign]] in 1991, Intel was able to associate [[brand loyalty]] with consumer selection, so that by the end of the 1990s, its line of [[Pentium]] processors had become a household name.