Editing Interlingue (section)

=== Vienna period and World War II ===
[[File:Postkarte Lingue international Occidental.jpg|thumb|right|PR postcard with Occidental text created in 1928 in Vienna]]
The Vienna period was also marked by financial stability.  With the help of two major backers, [[Hanns Hörbiger]], also from Vienna, and G.A. Moore from London, ''Cosmoglotta'' thrived despite the economic crisis. After the two died in 1931, ''Cosmoglotta'' was again forced to rely on revenue from subscriptions and republications.<ref name=":14">{{Cite web|title=Cosmoglotta B, 1937, p.79|url=http://anno.onb.ac.at/cgi-content/anno-plus?aid=e0m&datum=1937&page=80&size=45|access-date=13 March 2019|archive-date=15 April 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210415030229/https://anno.onb.ac.at/cgi-content/anno-plus?aid=e0m&datum=1937&page=80&size=45|url-status=live}}</ref>

The growing movement began campaigning more assertively for Occidental in the early 1930s,<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://anno.onb.ac.at/cgi-content/anno-plus?aid=e0g&datum=1933&size=45&page=22|title=Cosmoglotta A, 1933, p. 20.|access-date=11 April 2019|archive-date=15 April 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210415024026/https://anno.onb.ac.at/cgi-content/anno-plus?aid=e0g&datum=1933&size=45&page=22|url-status=live}}</ref> leveraging its at-sight readability by contacting organizations such as companies, embassies, printing houses and the LON with letters entirely in Occidental that were often understood and answered.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://anno.onb.ac.at/cgi-content/anno-plus?aid=e0m&datum=1935&size=45&page=30|title=Cosmoglotta B, 1935, p. 30|access-date=20 February 2019|archive-date=15 April 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210415032533/https://anno.onb.ac.at/cgi-content/anno-plus?aid=e0m&datum=1935&size=45&page=30|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Cosmoglotta A, 1931, p. 92|url=http://anno.onb.ac.at/cgi-content/anno-plus?aid=e0g&datum=1931&size=45&page=95|quote=Un commercial firma in Tchecoslovacia scri spontanmen al redaction: "Mi firma...opera in Italia solmen per li medium de Occidental, e to in omni romanic states. To es un miraculos fact. Vu posse scrir a omni romano in Occidental e il va comprender vor idées."|access-date=22 October 2020|archive-date=27 October 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201027051833/http://anno.onb.ac.at/cgi-content/anno-plus?aid=e0g&datum=1931&size=45&page=95|url-status=live}}</ref> Recordings of spoken Occidental on [[Phonograph|gramophone]] records for distribution were first made in this period.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://anno.onb.ac.at/cgi-content/anno-plus?aid=e0g&datum=1934&size=45&page=67|title=Cosmoglotta A, 1934, p. 52.|access-date=13 April 2019|archive-date=15 April 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210415014454/https://anno.onb.ac.at/cgi-content/anno-plus?aid=e0g&datum=1934&size=45&page=67|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://anno.onb.ac.at/cgi-content/anno-plus?aid=e0m&datum=1935&size=45&page=12|title=Cosmoglotta B, 1935, p. 12|access-date=20 February 2019|archive-date=15 April 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210415022338/https://anno.onb.ac.at/cgi-content/anno-plus?aid=e0m&datum=1935&size=45&page=12|url-status=live}}</ref>

The years from 1935 to 1939 were particularly active for ''Cosmoglotta'' and a second edition of the journal was published. Originally entitled ''Cosmoglotta-Informationes'',<ref>{{Cite web|title=Cosmoglotta B (Cosmoglotta-Informationes), 1935, p. 1|url=https://anno.onb.ac.at/cgi-content/anno-plus?aid=e0m&datum=1935&page=1&size=45|access-date=15 December 2020|archive-date=13 April 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210413203535/https://anno.onb.ac.at/cgi-content/anno-plus?aid=e0m&datum=1935&page=1&size=45|url-status=live}}</ref> it was soon renamed ''Cosmoglotta B'', focusing on items of more internal interest such as linguistic issues, reports of Occidental in the news, and financial updates. In early 1936, not counting the 110 issues of ''Cosmoglotta'' and other journals and bulletins, a total of 80 publications existed in and about Occidental.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Cosmoglotta B, 1936, p. 17|url=http://anno.onb.ac.at/cgi-content/anno-plus?aid=e0m&datum=1936&size=45&page=17|access-date=23 February 2019|archive-date=15 April 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210415020219/https://anno.onb.ac.at/cgi-content/anno-plus?aid=e0m&datum=1936&size=45&page=17|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Cosmoglotta B, 1936, p. 38|url=http://anno.onb.ac.at/cgi-content/anno-plus?aid=e0m&datum=1936&size=45&page=38|access-date=23 February 2019|archive-date=15 April 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210415020032/https://anno.onb.ac.at/cgi-content/anno-plus?aid=e0m&datum=1936&page=38&size=45|url-status=live}}</ref>

But the years before [[World War II]] posed difficulties for Occidental [[Esperanto#Official repression|and other planned languages]]. They were banned in Germany,<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://anno.onb.ac.at/cgi-content/anno-plus?aid=e0g&datum=1948&size=45&page=5|title=Cosmoglotta A, 1948, pg. 5|quote=(Translation) Regrettably, public propagation of Occidental was not possible in Germany from 1935 (the year when artificial languages were banned in Germany) until the end of the war...|access-date=20 January 2019|archive-date=3 February 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210203100042/https://anno.onb.ac.at/cgi-content/anno-plus?aid=e0g&datum=1948&size=45&page=5|url-status=live}}</ref> Austria<ref>[http://anno.onb.ac.at/cgi-content/anno-plus?aid=e0m&datum=1945&page=12&size=45 Cosmoglotta B, 1945, p. 12.] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210415020632/https://anno.onb.ac.at/cgi-content/anno-plus?aid=e0m&datum=1945&page=12&size=45 |date=15 April 2021 }} Translation öf the last pre-war Occidental postcard from Austria sent to Switzerland in December 1938: "My sadness from not being able to continue my interlinguistic work continues and has made me almost melancholic. Please do not send me mail in Occidental."</ref> and Czechoslovakia, forced to disband,<ref>[http://anno.onb.ac.at/cgi-content/anno-plus?aid=e0m&datum=1944&page=109&size=45 Cosmoglotta B, 1944, p. 109.] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210415021543/https://anno.onb.ac.at/cgi-content/anno-plus?aid=e0m&datum=1944&page=109&size=45 |date=15 April 2021 }} Translation: "The reality is that Occidental, like the other international languages, is prohibited in Germany, that the Occidental societies have been disbanded there (also in Czechoslovakia and Austria) even before the war, and that only regime change in those countries will make Occidental propagation a possibility again.</ref> and kept under surveillance by the [[Gestapo]],<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://anno.onb.ac.at/cgi-content/anno-plus?aid=e0g&datum=1948&size=45&page=122|title=Cosmoglotta A, 1948, p. 122|quote=English translation: The final exchange of telegrams between us was your telegram in March 1938 where you asked me if I would go to The Hague to participate in the IALA conference, and my quick negative response, not followed by a letter explaining why. You certainly had guessed the cause, but you cannot know what actually happened. Immediately after the coming of Hitler I had the "honour", as president of an international organisation, to be watched by the Gestapo, which interrogated me multiple times and searched through my house, confiscating a large part of my correspondence and my interlinguistic material."|access-date=2 February 2019|archive-date=24 March 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210324052338/https://anno.onb.ac.at/cgi-content/anno-plus?aid=e0g&datum=1948&size=45&page=122|url-status=live}}</ref> which also destroyed instructional materials.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Cosmoglotta B, 1948, p. 33.|url=http://anno.onb.ac.at/cgi-content/anno-plus?aid=e0m&datum=1948&size=45&page=33|quote=Translation: "I myself lost my entire rich Occidental-Interlingue possessions in 1936 through home raids by the infamous Gestapo...How thankful you must be to your governments which have avoided such catastrophes that our land (Germany) has suffered, one after another, for 35 years now."|access-date=16 January 2019|archive-date=15 April 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210415024141/https://anno.onb.ac.at/cgi-content/anno-plus?aid=e0m&datum=1948&size=45&page=33|url-status=live}}</ref> The prohibition of auxiliary languages in Germany was particularly damaging as this was where most Occidentalists lived at the time.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://anno.onb.ac.at/cgi-content/anno-plus?aid=e0g&datum=1946&size=45&page=32|title=Cosmoglotta A, 1946, p. 32|access-date=6 January 2019|archive-date=15 April 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210415024144/https://anno.onb.ac.at/cgi-content/anno-plus?aid=e0g&datum=1946&size=45&page=32|url-status=live}}</ref> The inability to accept payment for subscriptions was a financial blow that continued after the war<ref>{{Cite web|title=Cosmoglotta B, 1946, p. 11|url=https://anno.onb.ac.at/cgi-content/anno-plus?aid=e0m&datum=1946&page=11&size=45|access-date=15 December 2020|archive-date=13 April 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210413203603/https://anno.onb.ac.at/cgi-content/anno-plus?aid=e0m&datum=1946&page=11&size=45|url-status=live}}</ref> along with Germany's division into zones of influence, not all of which allowed payments.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Cosmoglotta B, 1947, p. 107|url=https://anno.onb.ac.at/cgi-content/anno-plus?aid=e0m&datum=1947&size=45&page=99|access-date=15 December 2020|archive-date=13 April 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210413204211/https://anno.onb.ac.at/cgi-content/anno-plus?aid=e0m&datum=1947&size=45&page=99|url-status=live}}</ref>

De Wahl, in Tallinn, was unable to communicate with the Occidental Union in Switzerland from 1939 to October 1947, first due to the war and thereafter the interception of mail between Switzerland and the Soviet Union.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Cosmoglotta B, 1947, p. 100|url=http://anno.onb.ac.at/cgi-content/anno-plus?aid=e0m&datum=1947&size=45&page=92|access-date=2 January 2019|website=anno.onb.ac.at|archive-date=15 April 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210415023923/https://anno.onb.ac.at/cgi-content/anno-plus?aid=e0m&datum=1947&size=45&page=92|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Cosmoglotta A, 1948, p. 100|url=https://anno.onb.ac.at/cgi-content/anno-plus?aid=e0g&datum=1948&page=101&size=45|access-date=15 December 2020|archive-date=13 April 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210413204221/https://anno.onb.ac.at/cgi-content/anno-plus?aid=e0g&datum=1948&page=101&size=45|url-status=live}}</ref> Unaware of this, de Wahl was bewildered at the lack of response to his continued letters; even a large collection of poetry translated into Occidental was never delivered. The only letter of his received in Switzerland came in 1947, asking the Occidental Union why it had not answered any of his.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Cosmoglotta B, 1948, p. 99|url=https://anno.onb.ac.at/cgi-content/anno-plus?aid=e0g&datum=1948&page=100&size=45|access-date=15 December 2020|archive-date=13 April 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210413203808/https://anno.onb.ac.at/cgi-content/anno-plus?aid=e0g&datum=1948&page=100&size=45|url-status=live}}</ref> Meanwhile, de Wahl's house and his entire library had been destroyed during the bombardment of Tallinn. De Wahl himself was incarcerated for a time after refusing to [[Heim ins Reich|leave Estonia for Germany]], and later took refuge in a psychiatric hospital where he lived out his life.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://interl.home.amu.edu.pl/interlingvistiko/Barandovska_Latinidaj_planlingvoj.pdf|title=Latinidaj planlingvoj (AIS-kurso, 1 studunuo)|last=Barandovská-Frank|first=Vĕra|quote="Post la okupo de Tallinn per sovetia armeo estis deportita kaj malaperinta la edzino de De Wahl, lia domo komplete forbruliĝis dum bombardado, detruiĝis lia riĉa biblioteko kaj manuskriptoj. Post la alveno de naziaj trupoj De Wahl rifuzis translokiĝon al Germanio kaj estis enkarcerigita. Por savi lin, liaj amikoj lasis proklami lin mense malsana. En la jaro 1944, 77-jaraĝa, li eniris sanatorion Seewald apud Tallinn kaj restis tie ankaŭ post la milito, ne havante propran loĝejon"|access-date=22 January 2019|archive-date=23 January 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190123010131/http://interl.home.amu.edu.pl/interlingvistiko/Barandovska_Latinidaj_planlingvoj.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Cosmoglotta A, 1948, p. 98|url=https://anno.onb.ac.at/cgi-content/anno-plus?aid=e0g&datum=1948&page=99&size=45|access-date=15 December 2020|archive-date=13 April 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210413203805/https://anno.onb.ac.at/cgi-content/anno-plus?aid=e0g&datum=1948&page=99&size=45|url-status=live}}</ref>

The outbreak of war in 1939 put a halt to publications of both ''Cosmoglotta''s through 1940, but in 1941 ''Cosmoglotta B'' began publication once again and continued until 1950.<ref name=":3" /> An edition of either ''Cosmoglotta'' A or B was published every month between January 1937 and September 1939, and then (after the initial shock of the war) every month from September 1941 to June 1951.<ref name=":3">{{Cite web|url=http://anno.onb.ac.at/cgi-content/anno-plus?aid=e0g&datum=1922&page=73&size=45|title=Plan de aparition de KOSMOGLOTT 1922–1926 e COSMOGLOTTA 1927–1972 (Austrian National Library)|access-date=28 January 2019|archive-date=15 April 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210415025601/https://anno.onb.ac.at/cgi-content/anno-plus?aid=e0g&datum=1922&page=73&size=45|url-status=live}}</ref> During the war, only those in neutral Switzerland and Sweden were able to fully devote themselves to the language, carrying on activities semi-officially.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Cosmoglotta B, 1941, p. 1|url=https://anno.onb.ac.at/cgi-content/anno-plus?aid=e0m&datum=1941&page=1&size=45|url-status=live|access-date=5 July 2021|archive-date=9 July 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210709183239/https://anno.onb.ac.at/cgi-content/anno-plus?aid=e0m&datum=1941&page=1&size=45}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Cosmoglotta B, 1943, p. 85|url=https://anno.onb.ac.at/cgi-content/anno-plus?aid=e0m&datum=1943&page=85&size=45|url-status=live|access-date=5 July 2021|archive-date=9 July 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210709185453/https://anno.onb.ac.at/cgi-content/anno-plus?aid=e0m&datum=1943&page=85&size=45}}</ref>

During the war, Occidentalists noticed that the language was often permitted to be sent by telegram within and outside of Switzerland (especially to and from Sweden)<ref>{{Cite web|title=Cosmoglotta B, 1946, p.8.|url=http://anno.onb.ac.at/cgi-content/anno-plus?aid=e0m&datum=1946&page=8&size=45|access-date=22 December 2018|website=anno.onb.ac.at|quote=English translation: "At the assembly of the Swiss Association for Occidental in Bienne it was noted with satisfaction that despite the war the cooperation at least with the Swedish worldlanguage friends was always able to be maintained, in that the letters and telegrams written in Occidental passed by the censors without problem."|archive-date=7 February 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210207153229/https://anno.onb.ac.at/cgi-content/anno-plus?aid=e0m&datum=1946&page=8&size=45|url-status=live}}</ref> even without official recognition, surmising that censors were able to understand it<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://anno.onb.ac.at/cgi-content/anno-plus?aid=e0m&datum=1943&page=6&size=45 |title=Cosmoglotta B, 1943, p. 6 |access-date=10 December 2018 |archive-date=15 April 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210415024228/https://anno.onb.ac.at/cgi-content/anno-plus?aid=e0m&datum=1943&page=6&size=45 |url-status=live }}</ref> and may have thought them to be written in Spanish or [[Romansch language|Romansch]]<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://anno.onb.ac.at/cgi-content/anno-plus?aid=e0m&datum=1945&page=15&size=45 |title=Cosmoglotta B, 1945, p. 15 |access-date=10 December 2018 |archive-date=15 April 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210415021903/https://anno.onb.ac.at/cgi-content/anno-plus?aid=e0m&datum=1945&page=15&size=45 |url-status=live }}</ref> (a small yet official Romance language in Switzerland). This allowed some communication to take place between the Occidentalists in Switzerland and Sweden. The other centres of Occidental activity in Europe did not fare as well, with the stocks of study materials in Vienna and Tallinn having been destroyed in bombings<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://anno.onb.ac.at/cgi-content/anno-plus?aid=e0m&datum=1946&page=9&size=45|title=Cosmoglotta B, 1946, p.9|website=anno.onb.ac.at|access-date=22 December 2018|archive-date=15 April 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210415020703/https://anno.onb.ac.at/cgi-content/anno-plus?aid=e0m&datum=1946&page=9&size=45|url-status=live}}</ref> and numerous Occidentalists sent to [[concentration camps]] in Germany and Czechoslovakia.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Cosmoglotta B, 1945, p. 119.|url=http://anno.onb.ac.at/cgi-content/anno-plus?aid=e0m&datum=1945&page=119&size=45|access-date=22 December 2018|website=anno.onb.ac.at|quote=English translation: "When I arrived in Prague after my escape from the concentration of Leitmeritz, I had literally nothing except a ragged prison uniform, the so-called "pyjama" of the prison camps...Soon after I arrived in Prague I published an ad to search friends of the international language..."|archive-date=13 April 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210413203639/https://anno.onb.ac.at/cgi-content/anno-plus?aid=e0m&datum=1945&page=119&size=45|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Cosmoglotta B, 1945, p. 83.|url=http://anno.onb.ac.at/cgi-content/anno-plus?aid=e0m&datum=1945&page=83&size=45|access-date=22 December 2018|website=anno.onb.ac.at|quote=English translation: "The letters from France are starting to arrive in Switzerland. Especially appreciated are those from Mr. Lerond, a teacher in Bréville tra Donville (Manche) and from Mr. René Chabaud, who happily returned safe and sound from a prison camp in Germany."|archive-date=15 April 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210415022910/https://anno.onb.ac.at/cgi-content/anno-plus?aid=e0m&datum=1945&page=83&size=45|url-status=live}}</ref>

Contacts were reestablished shortly after the war by those who remained, with letters from countries such as France, Czechoslovakia, Finland and Great Britain reaching ''Cosmoglotta''. Writers said they were ready to begin activities anew for the language.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Cosmoglotta B, 1946, p. 108|url=https://anno.onb.ac.at/cgi-content/anno-plus?aid=e0m&datum=1945&page=108&size=45|url-status=live|access-date=1 August 2021|archive-date=1 August 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210801150349/https://anno.onb.ac.at/cgi-content/anno-plus?aid=e0m&datum=1945&page=108&size=45}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Cosmoglotta B, 1946. p. 119-120|url=https://anno.onb.ac.at/cgi-content/anno-plus?aid=e0m&datum=1945&page=119&size=45|url-status=live|access-date=17 December 2020|archive-date=13 April 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210413203639/https://anno.onb.ac.at/cgi-content/anno-plus?aid=e0m&datum=1945&page=119&size=45}}</ref> ''Cosmoglotta'' had subscribers in 58 cities in Switzerland<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://anno.onb.ac.at/cgi-content/anno-plus?aid=e0m&datum=1945&page=24&size=45 |title=Cosmoglotta B, 1945, p. 24 |access-date=10 December 2018 |archive-date=30 March 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210330075537/https://anno.onb.ac.at/cgi-content/anno-plus?aid=e0m&datum=1945&page=24&size=45 |url-status=live }}</ref> a few months before the end of World War II in Europe, and ''Cosmoglotta'' A began publication again in 1946.<ref name=":3" />