Editing Internal passport (section)

==Types==

===Canada===
{{main|Pass system (Canadian history)}}
In 1885 the "[[Pass system (Canadian history)|pass system]]" was introduced in [[Canada]], to restrict and control the movement of [[First Nations in Canada|First Nations]] people within Canada. Instituted at the time of the [[North-West Rebellion]], it remained in force for 60 years despite having no basis in law.<ref>{{cite web
 | url =http://www.cbc.ca/news/aboriginal/dark-history-canada-s-pass-system-1.3454022
 | title =Dark history of Canada's First Nations pass system uncovered in documentary
 | last =Cram
 | first =Stephanie
 | date =February 19, 2016
 | website = CBC News
 | publisher = [[Canadian Broadcasting Corporation]]
 | access-date =February 20, 2016
 }}</ref> Any First Nation person caught outside his Indian reserve without a pass issued by an Indian agent was returned to the reserve or incarcerated.

===France===

{{expand section|date=April 2013}}

In [[France]], in the past, one had to show an internal passport to change [[city]]. Former convicts who had served [[forced labour]], even after having served their sentence, had a [[yellow passport (France)|yellow passport]], which made them outcasts. A famous holder of the yellow passport is the former [[penal servitude|''{{lang|fr|bagnard|nocat=true}}'']] [[Jean Valjean]] the hero of the novel [[Les Misérables]] by [[Victor Hugo]].<ref>Victor Hugo, ''{{lang|fr|les Misérables}}''</ref>

A ''[[decree#France|décret]]'' issued 2 October 1795 (10 [[Vendémiaire]] year IV in the [[French Republican Calendar]]) required all persons traveling outside the limits of their [[Cantons of France|canton]] to possess either an internal passport (for voyages within France) or external passport (for travel outside France).<!-- <ref name="Fouché"/>{{rp|19}} --> In 1815 an internal passport cost 2&nbsp;[[French franc|francs]] and was delivered by the mayor of the commune to the residence of the passport requester.<ref name="Fouché">{{cite book|last1=Fouché|first1=Nicole|title=Émigration alsacienne aux États-Unis, 1815-1870|date=1992|publisher=Publications de la Sorbonne|location=Paris|isbn=2859442170|language=fr|chapter=Chapitre Premier: Les passeports}}</ref>{{rp|19}} Internal passports were significantly easier to obtain than passports for foreign travel, which cost 10&nbsp;francs in 1815. In the early 19th century, many emigrants obtained cheaper and easier-to-obtain internal passports to travel to the port of Le Havre, from which most ships to the United States departed.<ref name="Fouché"/>{{rp|19, 23–26}} As control of the issuance of internal passports, which required a certificate of good behavior, was in the hands of the mayors of communes, there was some degree of favoritism in the issuance/denial of internal passports in the 18th century.<ref name="Fouché"/>{{rp|23–24}}

Internal passports were finally abolished in France in 1862.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://french-genealogy.typepad.com/genealogie/2011/01/passports.html|title=Passports|publisher=French Genealogy Blog|language=en|author=Anne Morddel|date=16 January 2011|access-date=24 October 2019}}</ref>

====Booklet and notebook of circulation of travellers====

{{expand section|date=April 2013}}

In [[France]], the "livret de circulation" (booklet of circulation) and its variant the "carnet de circulation" (notebook of circulation) provided to those of [[no fixed abode]] were particularly constraining and [[discrimination|discriminatory]] obligations imposed on [[itinerant groups in Europe|itinerant]]s.

At the end of 2012, when examining a {{Interlanguage link|priority question of constitutionality|fr|3=question prioritaire de constitutionnalité|lt=priority question of constitutionality|vertical-align=sup}}, the [[Conseil constitutionnel (France)|Constitutional Council]] ended the notebook of circulation, considering that it harmed disproportionately the [[freedom of movement]].

===South Africa===

In [[South Africa]], the [[pass laws]] (notably the Pass Laws Act 1952, which applied until 1986) were a component of the [[apartheid]] system.  The laws regulated where, when and for how long persons could remain outside their "homeland"—which, for many people, was not their homeland, so thousands of indigenous people [[forced displacement|were forced to change region]]. These laws also made it compulsory for all black South Africans over the age of 15 to carry a ''pass book'' at all times. However, the legislation also required that citizens of all races have on their person an ID book, which closely approximates a passport.

===Soviet Union and its successors===
{{Main|Passport system in the Soviet Union|Propiska in the Soviet Union}}
[[Image:InternalPassport-RussianEmpire1910.jpg|360px|thumb|Pages of internal passport, issued in 1910 in [[Imperial Russia]]]]

The internal passport system of the [[Russian Empire]] was abandoned after the [[October Revolution]] in 1917, lifting most limitations upon internal movements of members of labouring classes in Soviet Russia. [[Employment Record Book|Labour booklets]] became the principal means of personal identification.

In 1932, the "passport regime" was reintroduced, its declared purpose to improve the registration of population and "relieve" major industrial cities and other sensitive localities of "hiding kulaks and dangerous political elements" and those "not engaged in labor of social usefulness". The "passportization" process developed gradually involving factories, large, medium, and small cities, settlements, and rural areas, and finally became universal by the mid-1970s.

Internal passports were used in the [[Soviet Union]] for identification of persons for various purposes. In particular, passports were used to control and monitor the place of residence by means of the ''[[propiska in the Soviet Union|propiska]]'', a regulation designed to control the population's internal movement by binding a person to his or her permanent place of residence. For example, a valid ''propiska'' was necessary to receive higher education or medical treatment, although these services were not limited to the location registered. Besides marriage to a resident of another area, university education was the most popular way of circumventing one's ''propiska'' and residing elsewhere. Also, since only a minority of dwellings were privately owned, having a ''propiska'' at a certain address meant that one had the right to live there.

All residents were required by [[law]] to record their address in the document and to report any relevant changes to a local office of the [[Ministry of Internal Affairs (Russia)|Ministry of Internal Affairs]]. {{Citation needed|date=April 2013}} For example, citizens needed to submit photographs of themselves for their passport, taken when they were issued the document at age 16, and again at ages 25 and 45. {{Citation needed|date=April 2013}}

Formally, passports were not necessary for traveling per se in late Soviet Union. Bus, train, and air tickets were sold without names, and identification documents were not necessary for boarding buses and trains (and only became necessary to board a plane in the mid-1970s) except when traveling to/from border-adjacent areas and controlled cities. Nevertheless, passports were necessary for temporary propiska in a number of situations such as checking in a hotel or renting a private dwelling (no marks were placed in the document).

Moreover, in the late 1980s and early 1990s, Soviet internal passports, accompanied with a special leaflet, were valid for traveling to most [[Comecon]] countries and [[Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia|Yugoslavia]] as a member of a touristic group. The leaflet functioned as an equivalent of exit visa stamped in international passports; destination countries did not require entry visas at that time.

====The Russian Federation====
{{main|Internal passport of Russia}}
<!-- Deleted image removed: [[File:RussianPassport.JPG|thumb|right|Russian internal passport: front cover, first page, last page (usage terms)]] -->

In 1992, passports, or other photo identification documents, became necessary to board a train. Train tickets started to bear passenger names, allegedly as an effort to combat speculative reselling of the tickets.

The dissolution of the Soviet Union invoked the need to distinguish Russian citizens among the citizens of the former Soviet Union.

On 9 December 1992, special leaves were introduced which were affixed in Soviet passports, certifying that the bearer of the passport was a citizen of Russia. These leaves were optional unless travelling to the other former Soviet republics which continued to accept Soviet passports; for other occasions, other proofs of citizenship were accepted as well. Issuance of the leaves continued until the end of 2002.

On 8 July 1997, the current design of the Russian internal passport was introduced. Unlike the Soviet passports, which had three photo pages, the new passports have one. A passport is first issued at the age of 14 and then replaced upon at the ages of 20 and 45. The text in the passports is in [[Russian language|Russian]]. Passports issued in autonomous entities may, on the bearer's request, contain an additional leaf duplicating all data in one of the official local languages.

A passport exchange was begun; the deadline was initially set at end of 2001 but then prolonged several times and finally set at 30 June 2004. The government had first regulated that having failed to exchange one's passport would constitute a punishable violation. However, the Supreme Court ruled to the effect that citizens cannot be obliged to exchange their passports. The Soviet passports ceased to be valid as means of personal identification since mid-2004, but it is still legal (though barely practicable) to have one.

The ''[[propiska in the Soviet Union|propiska]]'' was formally abandoned soon after adoption of the current [[Constitution of Russia|Constitution]] in 1993, and replaced with [[Resident registration in Russia|Resident registration system]] which, in principle, was simply notification of one's place of residence.

Nevertheless, under the new regulations, permanent registration records are stamped in citizens' internal passports just as were ''propiska''s. That has led to the widespread misconception that registration was just a new name for the ''propiska''; many continue to call it a "''propiska''". The misconception is partly reinforced by the fact that the existing rules for registration make it an onerous process, dependent on the consent of landlords, which effectively prevents tenants of flats from registering.

Unlike with the ''propiska'', it is not an offense not to have registration unless one resides in a particular dwelling for more than 90 days. From a practical point of view, the long deadline makes it difficult to prove avoidance of residency registration and so to prosecute. ''De facto'' citizens have no restriction on where they reside (with the exception of [[closed city|closed cities]] or near borders). Still, many civil rights are dependent on registration, such as the right to vote.

In November 2010, the [[Federal Migration Service]] announced the possible cancellation of internal passports, which, if it were implemented, would be replaced by plastic ID cards or [[drivers' license]]s.<ref>[http://www.bbc.co.uk/russian/russia/2010/11/101118_russia_passports_cancellation.shtml {{lang|ru|Россия упрощает регистрацию и хочет отменить паспорта}}], BBC Russian, 18 ноября 2010</ref> In 2013, a plastic ID card, [[Universal electronic card]] was introduced, and any citizen had the right to reject it and retain an old-style internal passport. This card system was abandoned in January 2017.<ref>{{in lang|ru}} [http://www.uecard.ru/press/news/ao-uek-soobshchaet-o-zakrytii-proekta-po-vypusku-universalnykh-elektronnykh-kart/ АО «УЭК» сообщает о закрытии проекта по выпуску универсальных электронных карт] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170204005514/http://www.uecard.ru/press/news/ao-uek-soobshchaet-o-zakrytii-proekta-po-vypusku-universalnykh-elektronnykh-kart/ |date=2017-02-04 }}</ref>

====Belarus====
{{main|Belarusian passport}}
In Belarus, internal passports and passports for travelling abroad were merged into one kind of document in 1991. Passports are the primary means of identification for citizens of Belarus both in homeland and abroad. Belarusian citizens must have a passport after they have reached the age of 14; passports can also be issued to younger children for travelling abroad. Passports are valid for 10 years regardless of age.

Apart from visa pages, a considerable number of pages in Belarusian passports are designated for "internal" records, such as place of residence and marriage. Citizens had to obtain special stamp enabling the passport bearer to cross the border of the [[Union State]] before 2005 when the Constitutional Court ruled the practice not conforming to the Constitution.{{citation needed|reason=needs to cite court case|date=September 2014}}

Combination of primary identification document with international passport causes significant inconvenience to bearers who cannot certify their identity while their passports are processed for visas in embassies and consulates. A passport can also be easily invalidated by a careless foreign passport control official by placing a stamp in a reserved page.

===China and neighbors ===
The internal passport system in China and some neighbors evolved from an ancient ''huji'' system of [[family register]]. The system has evolved to manage internal movement, distribution of welfare, and other rights.

====People's Republic of China====
{{Main|Hukou system|Custody and repatriation|Template:China and China-related Identity and Travel Documents}}
{{Missing information|section|居住证制度 ([local] living permit system)|date=February 2021}}

The [[People's Republic of China]] (PRC) maintains a system of residency registration in [[mainland China]] known as ''[[Hukou system|hukou]]'', by which government permission is needed to formally change one's place of residence. It is enforced with [[resident Identity Card|identity card]]s. This system effectively controlled internal migration before the 1980s, but subsequent market reforms caused it to collapse as a means of migration control. An estimated 150 to 200 million people are part of the "[[blind flow]]" and have unofficially migrated, generally from poor, rural areas to wealthy, urban ones. However, unofficial residents are often denied official services such as education and medical care and are sometimes subject to both social and political [[discrimination]].

==== Korea ====
{{Main|hoju}}

==== Vietnam ====
{{Main|hộ khẩu}}

===Germany===
The [[Kennkarte]] was the basic identity document in use inside Germany (including occupied incorporated territories) during the [[Third Reich]] era. They were first introduced in July 1938. Due to legal arguments, the first cards were not issued until June 1941. They were normally obtained through a police precinct and bore the stamps of the corresponding issuing office and official. Every male German citizen aged 18 and older, and every Jewish citizen (both male and female) was issued one and was expected to produce it when confronted by officials. German authorities continued to issue them until 1943.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.papertotravel.com/topic/node/10|title=Civilian Identity Card (Kennkarte)|publisher=PaperToTravel|language=en|author=Halim Shahirasul|access-date=16 April 2021}}</ref>

===Sweden===
Internal passports were abolished in Sweden in 1860.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.hhogman.se/domestic-travel-certificates-sweden.htm|title=Domestic Travel Certificates|publisher=History|language=en|author=Hans Högman|access-date=24 October 2019}}</ref>

===United States of America ===

Throughout the [[Thirteen Colonies]] before the [[American Revolutionary War|Revolutionary War]], [[Slavery in the colonial United States|slaves]] confined to homes or [[Plantations in the American South|agricultural plantations]], or whose movements were limited by curfews, could be required to furnish written evidence their owner had granted an exemption to permit their free movement.  For example the [[New Hampshire Assembly]] in 1714 passed "An Act To Prevent Disorders In The Night":<ref name="Black Portsmouth">{{cite book
|isbn=9781584652892
|title=Black Portsmouth: Three Centuries of African-American Heritage
|year=2004
|last1=Sammons
|first1=Mark J.
|last2=Cunningham
|first2=Valerie
|pages=[https://books.google.com/books?id=f7BJj742rUwC&lpg=PP1&pg=PA32 32–33]
|publisher=University of New Hampshire Press
|place=[[Durham, New Hampshire]]
|url=http://www.upne.com/1584652896.html
|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160810234657/http://www.upne.com/1584652896.html
|archive-date=2016-08-10
|access-date=2009-07-27
|oclc=845682328
|url-status=usurped
|lccn=2004007172}}</ref><ref name="NHActs">{{cite book
|title=Acts and laws of His Majesty's province of New-Hampshire, in New-England: With sundry acts of Parliament
|series=Laws, etc
|year=1759
|publisher=Daniel Fowle
|place=[[Portsmouth, New Hampshire]]
|url=https://catalog.hathitrust.org/Record/009706837
|page= [https://hdl.handle.net/2027/hvd.hxj3t1?urlappend=%3Bseq=64 40]}}</ref> {{blockquote|Whereas great disorders, insolencies and burglaries are oft times raised and committed in the night time by Indian, Negro, and Molatto Servants and Slaves to the Disquiet and hurt of her Majesty, No Indian, Negro, or Molatto is to be from Home after 9 o'clock.}}Notices emphasizing the curfew were published in ''[[The New Hampshire Gazette]]'' in 1764 and 1771.<ref name="Black Portsmouth"/>

Internal passports were required for African Americans in the southern [[slave state]]s before the American Civil War, for example, an authenticated internal passport dated 1815 was presented to Massachusetts citizen George Barker to allow him to freely travel as a free black man to visit relatives in slave states.<ref>{{cite web|title=Celebrating Black Americana|url=http://video.pbs.org/video/2365418399/|website=video.pbs.org|access-date=16 February 2015|format=video}}</ref> After many of these states seceded, forming the [[Confederate States of America]], the central Confederate government not only systematized this system{{clarify|date=January 2019}} but required internal passports for whites as well.<ref>{{cite book |last=Neely |first=Mark E. Jr. |title=Confederate Bastille: Jefferson Davis and Civil Liberties |location=Milwaukee |publisher=Marquette University Press |year=1993 |pages=11, 16 |isbn=0-87462-325-1 }}</ref>

Such an internalized passport in the U.S. today would be unconstitutional under the [[Privileges and Immunities Clause]].