Editing Intertextuality (section)

== Examples in literature ==
Some examples of intertextuality in literature include:
* Perhaps the earliest example of a non-anonymous author alluding to another is when [[Euripides]], in his ''[[Electra (Euripides play)|Electra]]'' (410s BC), spoofs (in lines 524-38) the recognition scene from [[Aeschylus]]'s ''[[Oresteia#The Libation Bearers|The Libation Bearers]]''.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Lefkowitz |first1=Mary |author-link=Mary Lefkowitz |last2=Romm |first2=James |title=The Greek Plays: Sixteen Plays by Aeschylus, Sophocles, and Euripides |date=2016 |publisher=Modern Library |location=New York |isbn=9780812993004 |page=102}}</ref>
* ''[[The House of Asterion]]'' (1947) by [[Jorge Luis Borges]]: A retelling of the [[Greek mythology|Greek myth]] of [[Theseus|Theseus and the Minotaur]] told from the perspective of Asterion, the [[Minotaur]].
* ''[[East of Eden (novel)|East of Eden]]'' (1952) by [[John Steinbeck]]: A retelling of the account of Genesis, set in the Salinas Valley of Northern California.
* ''[[Ulysses (novel)|Ulysses]]'' (1922) by [[James Joyce]]: A retelling of Homer's ''[[Odyssey]]'', set in Dublin.
* ''[[Absalom, Absalom!]]'' (1936) by [[William Faulkner]]: A retelling of the [[Absalom]] story from [[Books of Samuel|Samuel]], set in antebellum Mississippi.
* ''[[Earthly Powers]]'' (1980) by [[Anthony Burgess]]: A retelling of [[Anatole France]]'s ''Le Miracle du grand saint Nicolas'' during the 20th century.
* ''[[The Dead Fathers Club]]'' (2006) by [[Matt Haig]]: A retelling of Shakespeare's ''[[Hamlet]]'', set in modern England.
* ''[[A Thousand Acres]]'' (1991) by [[Jane Smiley]]: A retelling of Shakespeare's ''[[King Lear]]'', set in rural Iowa.
* ''[[Perelandra]]'' (1943) by [[C. S. Lewis]]: Another retelling of the account of Genesis, also leaning on Milton's ''[[Paradise Lost]]'', but set on the planet Venus.
* ''[[Wide Sargasso Sea]]'' (1966) by [[Jean Rhys]]: A [[transtextuality|metatextual intervention]] on [[Charlotte Brontë]]'s ''[[Jane Eyre]]'', the story of the "[[Bertha Mason|mad woman in the attic]]" told from her perspective.
* ''[[The Legend of Bagger Vance (novel)|The Legend of Bagger Vance]]'' (1996) by [[Steven Pressfield]]: A retelling of the Bhagavad Gita, set in 1931 during an epic golf game.
* ''[[Bridget Jones's Diary (novel)|Bridget Jones's Diary]]'' (1996) by [[Helen Fielding]]: A modern "[[chick lit]]" romantic comedy replaying and referencing [[Jane Austen]]'s ''[[Pride and Prejudice]]''.
* ''[[Tortilla Flat]]'' (1935) by [[John Steinbeck]]: A retelling of the Arthurian legends, set in [[Monterey, California]], during the interwar period.
* ''[[Mourning Becomes Electra]]'' (1931) by [[Eugene O'Neill]]: A retelling of Aeschylus' ''[[The Oresteia]]'', set in post-American Civil War New England.
* ''The [[Gospel of Matthew]]'' narrates the early years of the life of Jesus while following a pattern from the [[Hebrew Bible]]'s [[Book of Exodus]].<ref>{{citation |url=https://intertextual.bible/text/matthew-2.20-exodus-4.19 |title= intertextual.bible/text/matthew-2.20-exodus-4.19}}</ref>
* ''[[Frankissstein]]'' (2019) by [[Jeanette Winterson]]: A retelling of [[Mary Shelley]]'s 1818 classic ''[[Frankenstein]]'', examining updated issues of the monstrous, i.e. sex-bots and [[cryonics]].

=== Related concepts ===
Linguist Norman Fairclough states that "intertextuality is a matter of [[recontextualization]]".<ref>Fairclough, Norman. ''Analysing Discourse: Textual Analysis for Social Research.'' New York: Routledge, 2003, p. 51.</ref> According to Per Linell, recontextualization can be defined as the "dynamic transfer-and-transformation of something from one discourse/text-in-context ... to another".<ref>Linell, Per. "Discourse across boundaries: On recontextualizations and the blending of voices in professional discourse," ''Text'', 18, 1998, p. 154.</ref> Recontextualization can be relatively explicit—for example, when one text directly quotes another—or relatively implicit—as when the "same" generic meaning is rearticulated across different texts.<ref name="Oddo2014">Oddo, John. ''Intertextuality and the 24-Hour News Cycle: A Day in the Rhetorical Life of Colin Powell's U.N. Address.'' East Lansing, MI: Michigan State University Press, 2014.</ref>{{rp|132–133}}

A number of scholars have observed that recontextualization can have important ideological and political consequences. For instance, Adam Hodges has studied how White House officials recontextualized and altered a military general's comments for political purposes, highlighting favorable aspects of the general's utterances while downplaying the damaging aspects.<ref>Hodges, Adam. "The Politics of Recontextualization: Discursive Competition over Claims of Iranian Involvement in Iraq, " ''Discourse & Society'', 19(4), 2008, 483-505.</ref> Rhetorical scholar Jeanne Fahnestock has found that when popular magazines recontextualize scientific research they enhance the uniqueness of the scientific findings and confer greater certainty on the reported facts.<ref>Fahnestock, Jeanne. "Accommodating Science: The Rhetorical life of Scientific Facts," ''Written Communication'', 3(3), 1986, 275-296.</ref> Similarly, John Oddo stated that American reporters covering Colin Powell's 2003 U.N. speech transformed Powell's discourse as they recontextualized it, bestowing Powell's allegations with greater certainty and warrantability and even adding new evidence to support Powell's claims.<ref name="Oddo2014" />

Oddo has also argued that recontextualization has a future-oriented counterpoint, which he dubs "precontextualization".<ref>Oddo, John. "Precontextualization and the Rhetoric of Futurity:  Foretelling Colin Powell's U.N. Address on NBC News," ''Discourse & Communication'', 7(1), 2013, 25-53.</ref> According to Oddo, precontextualization is a form of anticipatory intertextuality wherein "a text introduces and predicts elements of a symbolic event that is yet to unfold".<ref name="Oddo2014" />{{rp|78}} For example, Oddo contends, American journalists anticipated and previewed Colin Powell's U.N. address, drawing his future discourse into the normative present.

===Allusion===
While intertextuality is a complex and multileveled literary term, it is often confused with the more casual term 'allusion'. Allusion is a passing or casual reference; an incidental mention of something, either directly or by implication.<ref name="dictionary.com plagiarism">{{Cite web|url=http://www.dictionary.com/browse/plagiarism|title=the definition of plagiarism|website=Dictionary.com|access-date=2018-03-19}}</ref> This means it is most closely linked to both obligatory and accidental intertextuality, as the 'allusion' made relies on the listener or viewer knowing about the original source. It is also seen as accidental, however, as the allusion is normally a phrase so frequently or casually used that the true significance is not fully appreciated. Allusion is most often used in conversation, dialogue or metaphor. For example, "I was surprised his nose was not growing like Pinocchio's." This makes a reference to ''[[The Adventures of Pinocchio]]'', written by [[Carlo Collodi]] when the little wooden puppet lies.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.yourdictionary.com/allusion|title=Allusion dictionary definition {{!}} allusion defined|website=www.yourdictionary.com|language=en|access-date=2018-03-19}}</ref> If this was obligatory intertextuality in a text, multiple references to this (or other novels of the same theme) would be used throughout the hypertext.