Editing Intrapersonal communication (section)

== Models ==
Various [[models of communication]] have been proposed. They aim to provide a simplified overview of the process of communication by showing what its main components are and how they interact.{{sfn|Ruben|2001|pp=[https://www.encyclopedia.com/media/encyclopedias-almanacs-transcripts-and-maps/models-communication 607–608]|loc=Models Of Communication}} Most of them focus primarily on interpersonal communication but some are specifically formulated with intrapersonal communication in mind.{{sfn|Farley|1992|pp=481–484}}{{sfn|Barker|Wiseman|1966|p=172}}

[[File:Barker & wiseman - model of intrapersonal communication - text.svg|thumb|upright=1.5|Barker and Wiseman understand intrapersonal communication as a complex process involving the interaction of various elements.{{sfn|Barker|Wiseman|1966|p=174}}]]
According to the model proposed by Barker and Wiseman in 1966, intrapersonal communication starts with the reception of external and internal [[Stimulus (psychology)|stimuli]] carrying information.{{sfn|Barker|Wiseman|1966|pp=173–175}}{{sfn|Deetz|2011|pp=[https://books.google.com/books?id=YXOXDDHw0vAC&pg=PA633 633–634]}}{{sfn|Vocate|1994|p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=Jnc_rV2hjgcC&pg=PA182 182]}} External stimuli belong to the senses and usually provide information about the environment. Internal stimuli include a wide range of impressions, both concerning the state of the body, like pain, but also encompassing feelings.{{sfn|Barker|Wiseman|1966|p=175}}

In the Barker-Wiseman model, an early step of intrapersonal communication focuses on classifying these stimuli. In this process, many of the weaker stimuli are filtered out before reaching a conscious level. But they may still affect communication despite this.{{sfn|Barker|Wiseman|1966|p=175}} A similar process groups the remaining stimuli according to their urgency. It runs in parallel with attempts to attach symbolic [[Meaning (philosophy)|meaning]] to the stimuli as a form of decoding. How these processes take place is influenced by factors like the communicator's social background and current environment. After the symbolic decoding process, ideation occurs in the form of thinking, organizing information, planning, and proposing messages.{{sfn|Barker|Wiseman|1966|p=176}} As a last step, the thus conceived ideas are encoded into a symbolic form and expressed using words, gestures, or movements. This process can happen right after the ideation or with some delay.{{sfn|Barker|Wiseman|1966|p=177}} It results in the generation and transmission of more stimuli, either purely internal or also external. The generated stimuli work as a feedback loop leading back to their reception and interpretation. In this sense, the same person is both the sender and the receiver of the messages.{{sfn|Barker|Wiseman|1966|pp=173–175}} The feedback makes it possible for the communicator to monitor and correct messages.{{sfn|Barker|Wiseman|1966|p=177}} 

[[File:Barnlund's model - intrapersonal communication.svg|thumb|upright=1.2|alt=Diagram of Barnlund's model of intrapersonal communication|Barnlund's model of intrapersonal communication. The green, blue, and gray areas symbolize different types of cues. The orange arrows represent that the person decodes certain cues. The yellow arrow is their behavioral response.]]
Another model of communication was proposed by [[Dean Barnlund]] in 1970.{{sfn|Lawson|Gill|Feekery|Witsel|2019|pp=[https://books.google.com/books?id=fIOWDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA77 76–77]}}{{sfn|Vocate|1994|p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=Jnc_rV2hjgcC&pg=PA182 182]}}{{sfn|Barnlund|2013|pp=43–46}} He aims to give an account of communication that encompasses both its interpersonal and its intrapersonal side. He identifies communication not with the transmission of messages but with the production of meaning in response to internal and external cues.{{sfn|Littlejohn|Foss|2009|pp=175–176|loc=Constitutive View of Communication}}{{sfn|Emilien|Weitkunat|Lüdicke|2017|p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=ag9hDgAAQBAJ&pg=PA163 163]}}{{sfn|Barnlund|2013|p=48}} For him, intrapersonal communication is the simpler case since only one person is involved.{{sfn|Watson|Hill|2015|pp=[https://books.google.com/books?id=IdGBCgAAQBAJ&pg=PA20 20–22]}}{{sfn|Minai|2017|pp=[https://books.google.com/books?id=35VsDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA102 102–103]}} This person perceives private cues, like internal thoughts and feelings, public cues originating from the environment, and behavioral cues in the form of their own behavior. One part of communication is the process of decoding and interpreting these cues. Its goal is to make sense of them and to reduce uncertainty. It is accompanied by the activity of encoding behavioral responses to the cues. These two processes happen simultaneously and influence each other.{{sfn|Watson|Hill|2015|pp=[https://books.google.com/books?id=IdGBCgAAQBAJ&pg=PA20 20–22]}}{{sfn|UMN staff|2013|loc=[https://open.lib.umn.edu/communication/chapter/1-1-communication-history-and-forms/ 1.1 Communication: History and Forms]}}{{sfn|Chandler|Munday|2011|p=225|loc=intrapersonal communication}}

Sheila Steinberg follows Graeme Burton and Richard Dimbleby by understanding intrapersonal communication as a process involving five elements: decoding, integration, memory, perceptual sets, and encoding.{{sfn|Steinberg|2007|pp=139, 148–149}}{{sfn|Burton|Dimbleby|2006|pp=[https://books.google.com/books?id=oDjQHAAACAAJ 1–58]}} Decoding consists in making sense of messages. Integration puts the individual pieces of information extracted this way in relation to each other through processes like comparing and contrasting. Memory stores previously received information. Especially relevant in regard to intrapersonal communication is the concept one has of oneself and how the newly received information relates to it. Perceptual sets are ingrained ways of organizing and evaluating this information, for example, how feminine and masculine traits are conceived. Encoding is the last step, in which the meaning processed in the previous steps is again expressed in symbolic form as a message sent to oneself.{{sfn|Steinberg|2007|pp=148–9}}

Many theorists focus on the concept of the self in intrapersonal communication. There is a variety of definitions but many agree that the self is an entity that is unique to each individual, i.e. not shared between individuals.{{sfn|Lederman|2002|pp=[https://www.encyclopedia.com/media/encyclopedias-almanacs-transcripts-and-maps/intrapersonal-communication 490–492]|loc=Intrapersonal communication}} Some theorists understand intrapersonal communication as a relation of the self to the same self. Others see the self as a complex entity made up of different parts and analyze the exchange as an interaction between parts. A closely related approach is to talk not of distinct parts of a single self but of different selves in the same person, like an emotional self, an intellectual self, or a physical self.{{sfn|Lederman|2002|pp=[https://www.encyclopedia.com/media/encyclopedias-almanacs-transcripts-and-maps/intrapersonal-communication 490–492]|loc=Intrapersonal communication}}{{sfn|Steinberg|2007|p=141}}{{sfn|Lantolf|2009|pp=[https://books.google.com/books?id=2veMwywplPUC 566–569]|loc=Intrapersonal Communication Theories}} On these views, intrapersonal communication is understood in analogy to interpersonal communication as an exchange between different parts or selves.{{sfn|Lederman|2002|pp=[https://www.encyclopedia.com/media/encyclopedias-almanacs-transcripts-and-maps/intrapersonal-communication 490–492]|loc=Intrapersonal communication}} In either case, intrapersonal relationships play a central role. They concern how a person relates to themselves, for example, how they see themselves and who they wish to be.{{sfn|Archer|Smith|2011|pp=[https://books.google.com/books?id=-5KOAgAAQBAJ&pg=PT689 689]}}{{sfn|Lederman|2002|pp=[https://www.encyclopedia.com/media/encyclopedias-almanacs-transcripts-and-maps/intrapersonal-communication 490–492]|loc=Intrapersonal communication}} Intrapersonal relationships are not directly observable. Instead, they have to be inferred based on other changes that can be perceived. For example, inferences about a person's [[self-esteem]] can be drawn based on whether they respond to a compliment by bragging or by playing it down.{{sfn|Lederman|2002|pp=[https://www.encyclopedia.com/media/encyclopedias-almanacs-transcripts-and-maps/intrapersonal-communication 490–492]|loc=Intrapersonal communication}}

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