Editing Irish orthography (section)

== Grapheme to phoneme correspondence ==
In [[grapheme]] to [[phoneme]] correspondence tables on this page:
* "U" stands for Mayo and Ulster Irish, "C" for southern Connacht Irish, and "M" for Munster Irish.
* Initially and finally mean word initial or final unless stated otherwise. 
* {{IPA|/∅/}} means silent, i.e. that the [[Silent letter|letter(s) are not pronounced]]. 
* The [[International Phonetic Alphabet|IPA]] transcriptions of examples on this page are in [[Connacht Irish]].

See [[Irish phonology]] for an explanation of the symbols used and [[Irish initial mutations]] for an explanation of eclipsis and lenition.

=== Consonants ===
[[Consonant]]s are generally "broad" ([[velarization|velarised]]) when beside {{vr|a, á, o, ó, u, ú}} and "slender" ([[Palatalization (phonetics)|palatalised]]) when beside {{vr|e, é, i, í}}.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":2">{{Cite web |title=Litreacha na h-aibítre sa Ghaeilge |url=https://www3.smo.uhi.ac.uk/gaeilge/gramadach/aibitir/ |access-date=2023-12-13 |website=www3.smo.uhi.ac.uk}}</ref><ref name=":3">{{Cite web |title=Irish Orthography |url=http://www.nualeargais.ie/gnag/ortho.htm |access-date=2023-12-13 |website=www.nualeargais.ie |archive-date=26 March 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230326031917/http://www.nualeargais.ie/gnag/ortho.htm |url-status=dead }}</ref> Irish orthography does not allow consonant letters or digraphs to be [[Digraph (orthography)#Double letters|doubled]] (except in {{vr|ll, nn, rr}}), in compound words which would result in doubled consonants they are broken up by a hyphen ([[#Punctuation|see below]]).

{| class="wikitable"
! colspan="4" rowspan="2" | Letter(s)
! colspan="3" | Phoneme(s)
! rowspan="2" | Example(s)
|-
![[Ulster Irish|U]]
![[Connacht Irish|C]] 
![[Munster Irish|M]]
|-
| rowspan="2" | '''b'''
| colspan="3" | broad
| colspan="3" | {{IPA|/bˠ/}}
| {{lang|ga|bain}} {{IPA|/bˠanʲ/}} "take" (imper.), {{lang|ga|scuab}} {{IPA|/sˠkuəbˠ/}} "broom"
|-
| colspan="3" | slender
| colspan="3" | {{IPA|/bʲ/}}
| {{lang|ga|béal}} {{IPA|/bʲeːlˠ/}} "mouth", {{lang|ga|cnáib}} {{IPA|/knˠaːbʲ/}} "hemp"
|-
| rowspan="3" | '''bh'''
| colspan="3" | broad
| colspan="3" | {{IPA|/w/}}
| {{lang|ga|bhain}} {{IPA|/wanʲ/}} "took", {{lang|ga|ábhar}} {{IPA|/ˈaːwəɾˠ/}} "material", {{lang|ga|dubhaigh}} {{IPA|/ˈd̪ˠʊwiː/}} "blacken" (imper.), {{lang|ga|taobh}} {{IPA|/t̪ˠiːw/}} "side", {{lang|ga|dubh}} {{IPA|/d̪ˠʊw/}} "black"
|-
| colspan="3" | slender
| colspan="3" | {{IPA|/vʲ/}}
| {{lang|ga|bhéal}} {{IPA|/vʲeːlˠ/}} "mouth" (lenited), {{lang|ga|cuibhreann}} {{IPA|/ˈkɪvʲɾʲən̪ˠ/}} "common table", {{lang|ga|aibhneacha}} {{IPA|/ˈavʲnʲəxə/}} "rivers", {{lang|ga|sibh}} {{IPA|/ʃɪvʲ/}} "you" (pl.)
|-
| colspan="7" | See [[#Followed by ⟨bh, dh, gh, mh⟩|below]] for {{vr|(e)abh, (e)obh, (i)ubh}}
|-
| rowspan="2" | '''bhf'''<br /><small>(eclipsis of</small> {{vr|f}}<small>)</small>
| colspan="3" | broad
| colspan="3" | {{IPA|/w/}}
| {{lang|ga|bhfuinneog}} {{IPA|/ˈwɪn̠ʲoːɡ/}} "window" (eclipsed)
|-
| colspan="3" | slender
| colspan="3" | {{IPA|/vʲ/}}
| {{lang|ga|bhfíon}} {{IPA|/vʲiːnˠ/}} "wine" (eclipsed)
|-
| rowspan="2" | '''bp'''<br /><small>(eclipsis of {{vr|p}})</small>
| colspan="3" | broad
| colspan="3" | {{IPA|/bˠ/}}
| {{lang|ga|bpoll}} {{IPA|/bˠoːl̪ˠ/}} "hole" (eclipsed)
|-
| colspan="3" | slender
| colspan="3" | {{IPA|/bʲ/}}
| {{lang|ga|bpríosún}} {{IPA|/ˈbʲɾʲiːsˠuːnˠ/}} "prison" (eclipsed)
|-
| rowspan="2" | '''c'''
| colspan="3" | broad
| colspan="3" | {{IPA|/k/}}
| {{lang|ga|cáis}} {{IPA|/kaːʃ/}} "cheese", {{lang|ga|mac}} {{IPA|/mˠak/}} "son"
|-
| colspan="3" | slender
| colspan="3" | {{IPA|/c/}}
| {{lang|ga|ceist}} {{IPA|/cɛʃtʲ/}} "question", {{lang|ga|mic}} {{IPA|/mʲɪc/}} "sons"
|-
| rowspan="3" | '''ch'''
| colspan="3" | broad
| colspan="3" rowspan="2" | {{IPA|/x/}}
| {{lang|ga|cháis}} {{IPA|/xaːʃ/}} "cheese" (lenited), {{lang|ga|taoiseach}} {{IPA|/ˈt̪ˠiːʃəx/}} "chieftain, [[Taoiseach|Prime Minister of Ireland]]"
|-
| rowspan="2" |slender
| colspan="2" |before {{vr|t}}
|{{lang|ga|boichte}} {{IPA|/bˠɔxtʲə/}} "poorer"
|-
| colspan="2" |usually
| colspan="3" | {{IPA|/ç/}}
| {{lang|ga|cheist}} {{IPA|/çɛʃtʲ/}} "question" (lenited), {{lang|ga|deich}} {{IPA|/dʲɛç/}} "ten", {{lang|ga|oíche}} {{IPA|/ˈiːçə/}} "night"
|-
| rowspan="2" | '''d'''
| colspan="3" | broad
| colspan="3" | {{IPA|/d̪ˠ/}}
| {{lang|ga|dorn}} {{IPA|/d̪ˠoːɾˠn̪ˠ/}} "fist", {{lang|ga|nead}} {{IPA|/n̠ʲad̪ˠ/}} "nest"
|-
| colspan="3" | slender
| colspan="3" | {{IPA|/dʲ/}}
| {{lang|ga|dearg}} {{IPA|/dʲaɾˠəɡ/}} "red", {{lang|ga|cuid}} {{IPA|/kɪdʲ/}} "part"
|-
| rowspan="5" | '''dh'''
| rowspan="2" | broad
| colspan="2" |initially
| colspan="3" | {{IPA|/ɣ/}}
| {{lang|ga|dhorn}} {{IPA|/ɣoːɾˠn̪ˠ/}} "fist" (lenited)
|-
| colspan="2" |elsewhere
| colspan="3" |{{IPA|/∅/}}
|{{lang|ga|ádh}} {{IPA|/aː/}} "luck"
|-
| rowspan="2" | slender
| colspan="2" |usually
| colspan="3" | {{IPA|/j/}}
| rowspan="2" | {{lang|ga|dhearg}} {{IPA|/ˈjaɾˠəɡ/}} "red" (lenited), {{lang|ga|fáidh}} {{IPA|/fˠaːj/}} "prophet"
|-
| colspan="2" |finally
|{{IPA|/j/}}
|{{IPA|/∅/}}
|{{IPA|/ɟ/}}
|-
| colspan="7" | See [[#Followed by ⟨bh, dh, gh, mh⟩|below]] for {{vr|(e)adh, (a)idh, eidh, odh, oidh}}. See [[#Exceptions in verb forms|Exceptions in verb forms]] for -{{vr|dh}} at the end of verbs endings.
|-
| rowspan="4" | '''dt'''
| rowspan="2" | broad
| colspan="2" |<small>eclipsis of</small> {{vr|t}}
| colspan="3" | {{IPA|/d̪ˠ/}}
| {{lang|ga|dtaisce}} {{IPA|/ˈd̪ˠaʃcə/}} "treasure" (eclipsed)
|-
| colspan="2" |elsewhere 
| colspan="3" |{{IPA|/t̪ˠ/}}
| {{lang|ga|greadta}} {{IPA|/ˈɟɾʲat̪ˠə/}} "beaten"
|-
| rowspan="2" | slender
| colspan="2" |<small>eclipsis of</small> {{vr|t}}
| colspan="3" | {{IPA|/dʲ/}}
| {{lang|ga|dtír}} {{IPA|/dʲiːɾʲ/}} "country" (eclipsed)
|-
| colspan="2" |elsewhere
| colspan="3" |{{IPA|/tʲ/}}
|{{lang|ga|goidte}} {{IPA|/ˈɡɛtʲə/}} "stolen"
|-
| rowspan="3" | '''f'''
| colspan="3" | broad
| colspan="3" | {{IPA|/fˠ/}}
| {{lang|ga|fós}} {{IPA|/fˠoːsˠ/}} "still", {{lang|ga|graf}} {{IPA|/ɡɾˠafˠ/}} "graph"
|-
| colspan="3" | slender
| colspan="3" | {{IPA|/fʲ/}}
| {{lang|ga|fíon}} {{IPA|/fʲiːnˠ/}} "wine", {{lang|ga|stuif}} {{IPA|/sˠt̪ˠɪfʲ/}} "stuff"
|-
| colspan="7" | See [[#Exceptions in verb forms|Exceptions in verb forms]] for -{{vr|f}}- in future and conditional personal verb endings.
|-
| colspan="4" | '''fh'''
| colspan="3" | {{IPA|/∅/}}
| {{lang|ga|fhuinneog}} {{IPA|/ˈɪn̠ʲoːɡ/}} "window" (lenited), {{lang|ga|fhíon}} {{IPA|/iːnˠ/}} "wine" (lenited)
|-
| rowspan="2" | '''g'''
| colspan="3" | broad
| colspan="3" | {{IPA|/ɡ/}}
| {{lang|ga|gasúr}} {{IPA|/ˈɡasˠuːɾˠ/}} "boy", {{lang|ga|bog}} {{IPA|/bˠɔɡ/}} "soft"
|-
| colspan="3" | slender
| colspan="3" | {{IPA|/ɟ/}}
| {{lang|ga|geata}} {{IPA|/ˈɟat̪ˠə/}} "gate", {{lang|ga|carraig}} {{IPA|/ˈkaɾˠəɟ/}} "rock"
|-
| rowspan="2" | '''gc'''<br /><small>(eclipsis of</small> {{vr|c}}<small>)</small>
| colspan="3" | broad
| colspan="3" | {{IPA|/ɡ/}}
| {{lang|ga|gcáis}} {{IPA|/ɡaːʃ/}} "cheese" (eclipsed)
|-
| colspan="3" | slender
| colspan="3" | {{IPA|/ɟ/}}
| {{lang|ga|gceist}} {{IPA|/ɟɛʃtʲ/}} "question" (eclipsed)
|-
| rowspan="5" | '''gh'''
| rowspan="2" | broad
| colspan="2" |initially
| colspan="3" | {{IPA|/ɣ/}}
| {{lang|ga|ghasúr}} {{IPA|/ˈɣasˠuːɾˠ/}} "boy" (lenited)
|-
| colspan="2" |elsewhere
| colspan="3" |{{IPA|/∅/}}
|{{lang|ga|Eoghan}} {{IPA|/ˈoːənˠ/}} (male name)
|-
| rowspan="2" | slender
| colspan="2" |usually
| colspan="3" | {{IPA|/j/}}
| rowspan="2" | {{lang|ga|gheata}} {{IPA|/ˈjat̪ˠə/}} "gate" (lenited), {{lang|ga|dóigh}} {{IPA|/d̪ˠoːj/}} "way, manner"
|-
| colspan="2" |finally
|{{IPA|/j/}}
|{{IPA|/∅/}}
|{{IPA|/ɟ/}}
|-
| colspan="7" | See [[#Followed by ⟨bh, dh, gh, mh⟩|below]] for {{vr|(e)agh, aigh, eigh, ogh, oigh, (u)igh}}. See [[#Exceptions in verb forms|Exceptions in verb forms]] for {{vr|(a)igh}} at the end of verbs.
|-
| colspan="4" | '''h'''
| colspan="3" | {{IPA|/h/}}
| {{lang|ga|hata}} {{IPA|/ˈhat̪ˠə/}} "hat", {{lang|ga|na héisc}} {{IPA|/nə heːʃc/}} "the fish" (plural)
|-
| colspan="4" |'''j''' (loan consonant)
| colspan="3" |{{IPA|/dʒ/}}
|{{lang|ga|jab}} {{IPA|/ˈdʒabˠ/}} "job", {{lang|ga|jíp}} {{IPA|/dʒiːpʲ/}} "jeep"
|-
| rowspan="6" |'''l'''
| rowspan="3" |broad
| rowspan="2" |initially
|usually
| colspan="3" |{{IPA|/l̪ˠ/}}
|{{lang|ga|luí}} {{IPA|/l̪ˠiː/}} "lying (down)"
|-
|lenited
| colspan="3" |{{IPA|/lˠ/}}
|{{lang|ga|lann}} {{IPA|/lˠaːn̪ˠ/}} "blade" (lenited)
|-
| colspan="2" |elsewhere
| colspan="3" | {{IPA|/lˠ/}} or {{IPA|/l̪ˠ/}}
|{{lang|ga|béal}} {{IPA|/bʲeːlˠ/}} "mouth"
|-
| rowspan="3" |slender
| rowspan="2" |initially
|usually
| colspan="3" |{{IPA|/l̠ʲ/}}
|{{lang|ga|leisciúil}} {{IPA|/ˈl̠ʲɛʃcuːlʲ/}} "lazy"
|-
|lenited
| colspan="3" |{{IPA|/lʲ/}}
|{{lang|ga|leanbh}} {{IPA|/ˈlʲanˠəw/}} "baby" (lenited)
|-
| colspan="2" |elsewhere
| colspan="3" | {{IPA|/lʲ/}} or {{IPA|/l̠ʲ/}}
|{{lang|ga|siúil}} {{IPA|/ˈʃuːlʲ/}} "walk"
|-
| rowspan="2" |'''ll'''
| colspan="3" |broad
| colspan="3" | {{IPA|/l̪ˠ/}}
|poll {{IPA|/poːl̪ˠ/}} "hole"
|-
| colspan="3" |slender
| colspan="3" | {{IPA|/l̠ʲ/}}
|coill {{IPA|/kəil̠ʲ/}} "woods"
|-
| rowspan="2" | '''m'''
| colspan="3" | broad
| colspan="3" | {{IPA|/mˠ/}}
| {{lang|ga|mór}} {{IPA|/mˠoːɾˠ/}} "big", {{lang|ga|am}} {{IPA|/aːmˠ/}} "time"
|-
| colspan="3" | slender
| colspan="3" | {{IPA|/mʲ/}}
| {{lang|ga|milis}} {{IPA|/ˈmʲɪlʲəʃ/}} "sweet", {{lang|ga|im}} {{IPA|/iːmʲ/}} "butter"
|-
| rowspan="2" | '''mb'''<br /><small>(eclipsis of</small> {{vr|b}})
| colspan="3" | broad
| colspan="3" | {{IPA|/mˠ/}}
| {{lang|ga|mbaineann}} {{IPA|/ˈmˠanʲən̪ˠ/}} "takes" (eclipsed)
|-
| colspan="3" | slender
| colspan="3" | {{IPA|/mʲ/}}
| {{lang|ga|mbéal}} {{IPA|/mʲeːlˠ/}} "mouth" (eclipsed)
|-
| rowspan="3" | '''mh'''
| colspan="3" | broad
| colspan="3" | {{IPA|/w/}}
| {{lang|ga|mhór}} {{IPA|/woːɾˠ/}} "big" (lenited), {{lang|ga|lámha}} {{IPA|/ˈl̪ˠaːwə/}} "hands", {{lang|ga|léamh}} {{IPA|/l̠ʲeːw/}} "reading"
|-
| colspan="3" | slender
| colspan="3" | {{IPA|/vʲ/}}
| {{lang|ga|mhilis}} {{IPA|/ˈvʲɪlʲəʃ/}} "sweet" (lenited), {{lang|ga|uimhir}} {{IPA|/ˈɪvʲəɾʲ/}} "number", {{lang|ga|nimh}} {{IPA|/n̠ʲɪvʲ/}} "poison"
|-
| colspan="7" | See [[#Followed by ⟨bh, dh, gh, mh⟩|below]] for {{vr|(e)amh, (e)omh, (i)umh}}. 
|-
| rowspan="8" |'''n'''
| rowspan="4" |broad
| rowspan="2" |initially
|usually
| colspan="3" |{{IPA|/n̪ˠ/}}
|{{lang|ga|naoi}} {{IPA|/n̪ˠiː/}} "nine"
|-
|lenited
| colspan="3" |{{IPA|/nˠ/}}
|{{lang|ga|nótaí}} {{IPA|/nˠoːt̪ˠiː/}} "notes" (lenited)
|-
| colspan="2" |after non {{vr|s(h)}} initial cons.
| colspan="2" |{{IPA|/ɾˠ/}}
|{{IPA|/nˠ/}}
|{{Lang|ga|mná}} {{IPA|/mˠɾˠaː/}} "women", {{Lang|ga|cnaipe}} {{IPA|/ˈkɾˠapʲə/}} "press"
|-
| colspan="2" |usually
| colspan="3" | {{IPA|/nˠ/}} or {{IPA|/n̪ˠ/}}
|{{lang|ga|bean}} {{IPA|/bʲanˠ/}} "woman"
|-
| rowspan="4" |slender
| rowspan="2" |initially
|usually
| colspan="3" |{{IPA|/n̠ʲ/}}
|{{lang|ga|neart}} {{IPA|/n̠ʲaɾˠt̪ˠ/}} "strength"
|-
|lenited
| colspan="3" |{{IPA|/nʲ/}}
|{{lang|ga|neart}} {{IPA|/nʲaɾˠt̪ˠ/}} "strength" (lenited)
|-
| colspan="2" |after non {{vr|s(h)}} initial cons.
| colspan="2" |{{IPA|/ɾʲ/}}
|{{IPA|/nʲ/}}
|{{Lang|ga|gnéas}} {{Ipa|/ɟɾʲeːsˠ/}} "sex", {{Lang|ga|cníopaire}} {{IPA|/ˈcɾʲiːpˠəɾʲə/}} "skinflint"
|-
| colspan="2" |usually
| colspan="3" | {{IPA|/nʲ/}} or {{IPA|/n̠ʲ/}}
|{{lang|ga|Eoin}} {{IPA|/oːnʲ/}} (male name)
|-
| rowspan="2" | '''nc'''
| colspan="3" | broad
| colspan="3" | {{IPA|/ŋk/}}
| {{lang|ga|ancaire}} {{IPA|/ˈaŋkəɾʲə/}} "anchor"
|-
| colspan="3" | slender
| colspan="3" | {{IPA|/ɲc/}}
| {{lang|ga|rinc}} {{IPA|/ɾˠɪɲc/}} "dance"
|-
| rowspan="2" | '''nd'''<br /><small>(eclipsis of</small> {{vr|d}}<small>)</small>
| colspan="3" | broad
| colspan="3" | {{IPA|/n̪ˠ/}}
| {{lang|ga|ndorn}} {{IPA|/n̪ˠoːɾˠn̪ˠ/}} "fist" (eclipsed)
|-
| colspan="3" | slender
| colspan="3" | {{IPA|/n̠ʲ/}}
| {{lang|ga|ndearg}} {{IPA|/ˈn̠ʲaɾˠəɡ/}} "red" (eclipsed)
|-
| rowspan="4" | '''ng'''
| rowspan="2" | broad
| colspan="2" |<small>eclipsis of {{vr|g}}</small>
| colspan="3" | {{IPA|/ŋ/}}
| {{lang|ga|ngasúr}} {{IPA|/ˈŋasˠuːɾˠ/}} "boy" (eclipsed)
|-
| colspan="2" |elsewhere
| colspan="3" |{{IPA|/ŋ(g)/}}
|{{lang|ga|long}} {{IPA|/l̪ˠuːŋɡ/}} "ship", {{lang|ga|teanga}} {{IPA|/ˈtʲaŋɡə/}} "tongue"
|-
| rowspan="2" | slender
| colspan="2" |<small>eclipsis of {{vr|g}}</small>
| colspan="3" | {{IPA|/ɲ/}}
| {{lang|ga|ngeata}} {{IPA|/ˈɲat̪ˠə/}} "gate" (eclipsed)
|-
| colspan="2" |elsewhere
| colspan="3" |{{IPA|/ɲ(ɟ)/}}
|{{lang|ga|cuing}} {{IPA|/kɪɲɟ/}} "yoke", {{lang|ga|ingear}} {{IPA|/ˈɪɲɟəɾˠ/}} "vertical"
|-
| rowspan="2" |'''nn'''
| colspan="3" |broad
| colspan="3" |{{IPA|/n̪ˠ/}}
| {{lang|ga|ceann}} {{IPA|/caːn̪ˠ/}} "head"
|-
| colspan="3" |slender
| colspan="3" |{{IPA|/n̠ʲ/}}
|{{lang|ga|tinneas}} {{IPA|/ˈtʲɪn̠ʲəsˠ/}} "illness"
|-
| rowspan="2" | '''p'''
| colspan="3" | broad
| colspan="3" | {{IPA|/pˠ/}}
| {{lang|ga|poll}} {{IPA|/pˠoːl̪ˠ/}} "hole", {{lang|ga|stop}} {{IPA|/sˠt̪ˠɔpˠ/}} "stop"
|-
| colspan="3" | slender
| colspan="3" | {{IPA|/pʲ/}}
| {{lang|ga|príosún}} {{IPA|/ˈpʲɾʲiːsˠuːnˠ/}} "prison", {{lang|ga|truip}} {{IPA|/t̪ˠɾˠɪpʲ/}} "trip"
|-
| rowspan="2" | '''ph'''
| colspan="3" | broad
| colspan="3" | {{IPA|/fˠ/}}
| {{lang|ga|pholl}} {{IPA|/fˠoːl̪ˠ/}} "hole" (lenited)
|-
| colspan="3" | slender
| colspan="3" | {{IPA|/fʲ/}}
| {{lang|ga|phríosún}} {{IPA|/ˈfʲɾʲiːsˠuːnˠ/}} "prison" (lenited)
|-
| rowspan="5" | '''r'''
| colspan="3" | broad
| colspan="3" rowspan="4" | {{IPA|/ɾˠ/}}
| {{lang|ga|ruán}} {{IPA|/ˈɾˠuːaːnˠ/}} "buckwheat", {{lang|ga|cumhra}} {{IPA|/kuːɾˠə/}} "fragrant", {{lang|ga|fuar}} {{IPA|/fˠuəɾˠ/}} "cold"
|-
| rowspan="4" |slender
| colspan="2" |initially
|{{lang|ga|rí}} {{IPA|/ɾˠiː/}} "king"
|-
| colspan="2" |before {{vr|{{wrap|d, l, n, r, s, t, th}}}}
|{{lang|ga|airde}} {{IPA|/aːɾˠdʲə/}} "height", {{lang|ga|duirling}} {{IPA|/ˈd̪ˠuːɾˠl̠ʲən̠ʲ/}} "stony beach", {{lang|ga|coirnéal}} {{IPA|/ˈkoːɾˠn̠ʲeːlˠ/}} "corner", {{lang|ga|cuairt}} {{IPA|/kuəɾˠtʲ/}} "visit", {{lang|ga|oirthear}} {{IPA|/ˈɔɾˠhəɾˠ/}} "east"
|-
| colspan="2" |after {{vr|s}}
|{{lang|ga|sreang}} {{IPA|/sˠɾˠaŋɡ/}} "string"
|-
| colspan="2" |usually
| colspan="3" | {{IPA|/ɾʲ/}}
| {{lang|ga|tirim}} {{IPA|/ˈtʲɪɾʲəmʲ/}} "dry", {{lang|ga|fuair}} {{IPA|/fˠuəɾʲ/}} "got"
|-
| colspan="4" |'''rr'''
| colspan="3" |{{IPA|/ɾˠ/}}
|carr {{IPA|/kaːɾˠ/}} "car, cart"
|-
| rowspan="3" | '''s'''
| colspan="3" | broad
| colspan="3" rowspan="2" | {{IPA|/sˠ/}}
| {{lang|ga|Sasana}} {{IPA|/ˈsˠasˠənˠə/}} "England", {{lang|ga|tús}} {{IPA|/t̪ˠuːsˠ/}} "beginning"
|-
| rowspan="2" |slender
| colspan="2" |initially before {{vr|{{wrap|f, m, p, r}}}}
|{{lang|ga|sféar}} {{IPA|/sˠfʲeːɾˠ/}} "sphere", {{lang|ga|speal}} {{IPA|/sˠpʲalˠ/}} "scythe", {{lang|ga|sméar}} {{IPA|/sˠmʲeːɾˠ/}} "blackberry", {{lang|ga|sreang}} {{IPA|/sˠɾˠaŋɡ/}} "string"
|-
| colspan="2" |usually
| colspan="3" | {{IPA|/ʃ/}}
| {{lang|ga|sean}} {{IPA|/ʃanˠ/}} "old", {{lang|ga|cáis}} {{IPA|/kaːʃ/}} "cheese"
|-
| colspan="4" | '''sh'''
| colspan="3" | {{IPA|/h/}}
| {{lang|ga|Shasana}} {{IPA|/ˈhasˠənˠə/}} "England" (lenited), {{lang|ga|shiúil}} {{IPA|/huːlʲ/}} "walked"
|-
| rowspan="2" | '''t'''
| colspan="3" | broad
| colspan="3" | {{IPA|/t̪ˠ/}}
| {{lang|ga|taisce}} {{IPA|/ˈt̪ˠaʃcə/}} "treasure", {{lang|ga|ceart}} {{IPA|/caɾˠt̪ˠ/}} "correct"
|-
| colspan="3" | slender
| colspan="3" | {{IPA|/tʲ/}}
| {{lang|ga|tír}} {{IPA|/tʲiːɾʲ/}} "country", {{lang|ga|beirt}} {{IPA|/bʲɛɾˠtʲ/}} "two (people)"
|-
| rowspan="2" | '''th'''{{ref|-th-|'''b'''}}
| colspan="3" |usually
| colspan="3" rowspan="1" | {{IPA|/h/}}{{Ref|/h/|'''c'''}}
|{{lang|ga|thuaidh}} {{IPA|/huə/}} "north", {{lang|ga|thíos}} {{IPA|/hiːsˠ/}} "below", {{lang|ga|athair}} {{IPA|/ˈahəɾʲ/}} "father", {{lang|ga|coinnithe}} {{IPA|/ˈkɪn̠ʲɪhə/}} "kept", {{lang|ga|ith}} {{IPA|/ɪh/}} "eat", {{lang|ga|foghlamtha}} {{IPA|/ˈfˠoːlˠəmˠhə/}} "learned", {{lang|ga|ruaigthe}} {{IPA|/ˈɾˠuəcə/}} "chased", {{lang|ga|scuabtha}} {{IPA|/ˈsˠkuəpˠə/}} "swept"
|-
| colspan="3" |finally after a long vowel or diphthong
| colspan="3" |{{IPA|/∅/}}
| {{lang|ga|bláth}} {{IPA|/bˠlˠaː/}} "blossom", {{lang|ga|cliath}} {{IPA|/clʲiə/}} "harrow" 
|-
| rowspan="2" | '''ts'''<br /><small>(mutation of {{vr|s}}- after {{Lang|ga|an}} "the")</small>
| colspan="3" | broad
| colspan="3" | {{IPA|/t̪ˠ/}}
| {{lang|ga|an tsolais}} {{IPA|/ə(n̪ˠ) ˈt̪ˠɔlˠəʃ/}} "the light (gen.)"
|-
| colspan="3" | slender
| colspan="3" | {{IPA|/tʲ/}}
| {{lang|ga|an tSín}} {{IPA|/ə(nʲ) tʲiːnʲ/}} "China"
|-
| rowspan="2" | '''v''' <small>(loan consonant)</small>
| colspan="3" | broad
| colspan="3" | {{IPA|/w/}}
| {{lang|ga|vóta}} {{IPA|/ˈwoːt̪ˠə/}} "vote"
|-
| colspan="3" | slender
| colspan="3" | {{IPA|/vʲ/}}
| {{lang|ga|veidhlín}} {{IPA|/ˈvʲəilʲiːnʲ/}} "violin"
|-
| rowspan="2" |'''z''' <small>(loan consonant)</small>
| colspan="3" |broad
| colspan="3" |{{IPA|/zˠ/}}
|{{lang|ga|zú}} {{IPA|/zˠuː/}} "zoo"
|-
| colspan="3" |slender
| colspan="3" |{{IPA|/ʒ/}}
|{{lang|ga|Zen}} {{IPA|/ʒɛnʲ/}} "Zen"
|}

=== Vowels ===
[[Vowel]] sequences are common in Irish spelling due to the "{{lang|ga|caol le caol agus leathan le leathan}}" ("slender with slender and broad with broad") rule, i.e. that the vowels on either side of any consonant (or [[consonant cluster]]) must be both slender ({{vr|e, é, i, í}}) or both broad ({{vr|a, á, o, ó, u, ú}}), to unambiguously determine if the consonant(s) are broad or slender.
An apparent exception is {{vr|ae}}, which is followed by a broad consonant despite the {{vr|e}}.<ref name=":2" /><ref name=":3" /><ref>{{Cite web |title=Pronunciation Key |url=https://daltai.com/grammar/pronunciation-key/ |access-date=2023-12-13 |website=Daltaí na Gaeilge |language=en-US}}</ref><ref name=":1" />

The pronunciation of vowels in Irish is mostly predictable from the following rules:

* Unstressed short vowels are generally reduced to {{IPA|/ə/}}.
* {{vr|e}} is silent before a broad vowel.
* {{vr|i}} is silent before {{vr|u, ú}} and after a vowel (except sometimes in {{vr|ei, oi, ui}}).
* {{vr|io, oi, ui}} have multiple pronunciations that depend on adjacent consonants.
* [[Diacritic|Accented]] vowels ({{vr|á, é, í, ó, ú}}) represent [[Vowel length|long vowels]] and in [[digraph (orthography)|digraph]]s and [[trigraph (orthography)|trigraph]]s containing them, surrounding unaccented vowels are silent, but there are several exceptions, e.g. when preceded by two unaccented vowels.
* Accented vowels in succession are both pronounced, e.g. {{lang|ga|séú}} {{IPA|/ˈʃeːuː/}} "sixth", {{lang|ga|ríúil}} {{IPA|/ˈɾˠiːuːlʲ/}} "royal, kingly, majestic", {{lang|ga|báíocht}} {{IPA|/ˈbˠaːiːxt̪ˠ/}} "sympathy", etc.
* {{vr|i}} and {{vr|u}} are long before {{vr|á, ó}}, e.g. {{lang|ga|fiáin}} {{IPA|/ˈfʲiːaːnʲ/}} "wild", {{lang|ga|ruóg}} {{IPA|/ˈɾˠuːoːɡ/}} "twine"
* A following {{vr|rd, rl, rn, rr}} lengthens some vowels and in Munster and Connacht a following syllable-final {{vr|ll, nn}} or word-final {{vr|m, ng}} may lengthen or diphthongise some vowels depending on dialect.
{| class="wikitable"
! colspan="3" rowspan="2" |Letter(s)
! colspan="3" |Phoneme(s)
! rowspan="2" |Example(s)
|-
![[Ulster Irish|U]]
!'''[[Connacht Irish|C]]'''
![[Munster Irish|M]]
|-
| rowspan="5" |'''a'''
| rowspan="3" |stressed
|usually
| colspan="3" |{{IPA|/a/}}
|{{lang|ga|fan}} {{IPA|/fˠanˠ/}} "stay" (imper.)
|-
|before {{vr|rd, rl, rn, rr}}
| colspan="3" |{{IPA|/aː/}}
|{{lang|ga|garda}} {{IPA|/ˈɡaːɾˠd̪ˠə/}} "policeman", {{lang|ga|tarlú}} {{IPA|/ˈt̪ˠaːɾˠl̪ˠuː/}} "happening", {{lang|ga|carnán}} {{IPA|/ˈkaːɾˠn̪ˠaːnˠ/}} "(small) heap", {{lang|ga|barr}} {{IPA|/bˠaːɾˠ/}} "tip, point"
|-
|before syllable-final {{vr|ll, nn}} and -{{vr|m}}
|{{IPA|/a/}}
|{{IPA|/aː/}}
|{{IPA|/əu/}}
|{{lang|ga|mall}} {{IPA|/mˠaːl̪ˠ/}} "slow, late", {{lang|ga|ann}} {{IPA|/aːn̪ˠ/}} "there", {{lang|ga|am}} {{IPA|/aːmˠ/}} "time"
|-
| rowspan="2" |unstressed
|usually
| colspan="3" |{{IPA|/ə/}}
|{{lang|ga|ólann}} {{IPA|/ˈoːlˠən̪ˠ/}} "drink" (present), {{lang|ga|mála}} {{IPA|/ˈmˠaːlˠə/}} "bag"
|-
|before {{vr|ch}}
|{{IPA|/a/}}
| colspan="2" |{{IPA|/ə/}}
|{{lang|ga|Domhnach}} {{IPA|/ˈd̪ˠoːnˠəx/}} "Sunday"
|-
| colspan="3" |'''á''', '''ái'''
| colspan="3" |{{IPA|/aː/}}
|{{lang|ga|bán}} {{IPA|/bˠaːnˠ/}} "white", {{lang|ga|dáil}} {{IPA|/d̪ˠaːlʲ/}} "assembly", {{lang|ga|gabháil}} {{IPA|/ˈɡawaːlʲ/}} "taking"
|-
| colspan="3" |'''ae''', '''aei'''
| colspan="3" |{{IPA|/eː/}}
|{{lang|ga|Gaelach}} {{IPA|/ˈɡeːlˠəx/}} "Gaelic", {{lang|ga|Gaeilge}} {{IPA|/ˈɡeːlʲɟə/}} "Irish (language)"
|-
| rowspan="4" |'''ai'''
| rowspan="3" |stressed
|usually
| colspan="3" |{{IPA|/a/}}
|{{lang|ga|baile}} {{IPA|/ˈbˠalʲə/}} "home"
|-
|before {{vr|rd, rl, rn, rr}}
| colspan="3" |{{IPA|/aː/}}
|{{lang|ga|airne}} {{IPA|/aːɾˠn̠ʲə/}} "sloe", {{lang|ga|airde}} {{IPA|/aːɾˠdʲə/}} "height"
|-
|before syllable-final {{Vr|ll, nn}}
|{{IPA|/a/}}
|{{IPA|/aː/}}
|{{IPA|/əi/}}
|{{lang|ga|caillte}} {{IPA|/ˈkaːl̠ʲtʲə/}} "lost, ruined", {{lang|ga|crainn}} {{IPA|/kɾˠaːn̠ʲ/}} "trees"
|-
| colspan="2" |unstressed
| colspan="3" |{{IPA|/ə/}}
|{{lang|ga|eolais}} {{IPA|/ˈoːlˠəʃ/}} "knowledge" (genitive)
|-
| colspan="3" |'''aí''', '''aío'''
| colspan="3" |{{IPA|/iː/}}
|{{lang|ga|maígh}} {{IPA|/mˠiːj/}} "claim" (imper.), {{lang|ga|gutaí}} {{IPA|/ˈɡʊt̪ˠiː/}} "vowels", {{lang|ga|naíonán}} {{IPA|/ˈn̪ˠiːnˠaːnˠ/}} "infant", {{lang|ga|beannaíonn}} {{IPA|/ˈbʲan̪ˠiːnˠ/}} "blesses"
|-
| colspan="3" |'''ao'''
| colspan="2" |{{IPA|/iː/}}
|{{IPA|/eː/}}
|{{lang|ga|saol}} {{IPA|/sˠiːlˠ/}} "life"
|-
| colspan="3" |'''aoi'''
| colspan="3" |{{IPA|/iː/}}
|{{lang|ga|gaois}} {{IPA|/ɡiːʃ/}} "shrewdness", {{lang|ga|naoi}} {{IPA|/ˈn̪ˠiː/}} "nine"
|-
| rowspan="5" |'''e''', '''ei'''
| rowspan="4" |stressed
|usually
| colspan="3" |{{IPA|/ɛ/}}
|{{lang|ga|te}} {{IPA|/tʲɛ/}} "hot", {{lang|ga|ceist}} {{IPA|/cɛʃtʲ/}} "question"
|-
|before {{vr|rd, rl, rn}}
| colspan="3" |{{IPA|/eː/}}
|{{lang|ga|eirleach}} {{IPA|/ˈeːɾˠl̠ʲəx/}} "destruction", {{lang|ga|ceirnín}} {{IPA|/ˈceːɾˠnʲiːnʲ/}} "record album", {{lang|ga|ceird}} {{IPA|/ceːɾˠdʲ/}} "trade, craft"
|-
|before {{vr|m, mh, n}}
| colspan="3" |{{IPA|/ɪ/}}
|{{lang|ga|creimeadh}} {{IPA|/ˈcɾʲɪmʲə/}} "corrosion, erosion", {{lang|ga|sceimhle}} {{IPA|/ˈʃcɪvʲlʲə/}} "eroded", {{lang|ga|seinm}} {{IPA|/ˈʃɪnʲəmʲ/}} "playing"
|-
|before syllable-final {{Vr|nn}} and -{{Vr|m}}
|{{IPA|/ɪ/}}
|{{IPA|/iː/}}
|{{IPA|/əi/}}
|{{lang|ga|greim}} {{IPA|/ɟɾʲiːmʲ/}} "grip"
|-
| colspan="2" |unstressed
| colspan="3" |{{IPA|/ə/}}
|{{lang|ga|míle}} {{IPA|/ˈmʲiːlʲə/}} "thousand"
|-
| colspan="3" |'''é''', '''éa''', '''éi'''
| colspan="3" |{{IPA|/eː/}}
|{{lang|ga|sé}} {{IPA|/ʃeː/}} "he", {{lang|ga|déanamh}} {{IPA|/ˈdʲeːnˠəw/}} "doing", {{lang|ga|buidéal}} {{IPA|/ˈbˠɪdʲeːlˠ/}} "bottle", {{lang|ga|scéimh}} {{IPA|/ʃceːvʲ/}} "beauty", {{lang|ga|páipéir}} {{IPA|/ˈpˠaːpʲeːɾʲ/}} "papers"
|-
| rowspan="5" |'''ea''', '''eai'''
| rowspan="3" |stressed
|usually
| colspan="3" |{{IPA|/a/}}
|{{lang|ga|bean}} {{IPA|/bʲanˠ/}} "woman", {{lang|ga|veain}} {{IPA|/vʲanʲ/}} "van"
|-
|before {{vr|rd, rl, rn, rr}}
| colspan="3" |{{IPA|/aː/}}
|{{Lang|ga|ceardaí}} {{IPA|/caːɾˠd̪ˠiː/}} "craftsman", {{lang|ga|bearna}} {{IPA|/ˈbʲaːɾˠn̪ˠə/}} "gap", {{Lang|ga|fearr}} {{IPA|/fʲaːɾˠ/}} "better"
|-
|before syllable-final {{Vr|ll, nn}}
|{{IPA|/a/}}
|{{IPA|/aː/}}
|{{IPA|/əu/}}
|{{lang|ga|feall}} {{IPA|/fʲaːl̪ˠ/}} "treachery", {{lang|ga|feanntach}} {{IPA|/ˈfʲaːn̪ˠt̪ˠəx/}} "severe"
|-
| rowspan="2" |unstressed
|usually
| colspan="3" |{{IPA|/ə/}}
|{{lang|ga|seisean}} {{IPA|/ˈʃɛʃənˠ/}} "he" (emphatic)
|-
|before {{vr|ch}}
|{{IPA|/a/}}
| colspan="2" |{{IPA|/ə/}}
|{{lang|ga|taoiseach}} {{IPA|/ˈt̪ˠiːʃəx/}} "chieftain"
|-
| colspan="3" |'''eá''', '''eái'''
| colspan="3" |{{IPA|/aː/}}
|{{lang|ga|Seán}} {{IPA|/ʃaːnˠ/}} "John", {{lang|ga|caisleán}} {{IPA|/ˈkaʃl̠ʲaːnˠ/}} "castle", {{lang|ga|meáin}} {{IPA|/mʲaːnʲ/}} "middles", {{lang|ga|caisleáin}} {{IPA|/ˈkaʃl̠ʲaːnʲ/}} "castles"
|-
| colspan="2" rowspan="2" |'''eo''', '''eoi'''
|usually
| colspan="3" |{{IPA|/oː/}}
|{{lang|ga|ceol}} {{IPA|/coːlˠ/}} "music", {{lang|ga|dreoilín}} {{IPA|/ˈdʲɾʲoːlʲiːnʲ/}} "wren"
|-
|in four words
| colspan="3" |{{IPA|/ɔ/}}
|anseo {{IPA|/ənʲˈʃɔ/}} "here", deoch {{IPA|/dʲɔx/}} "drink", eochair {{IPA|/ˈɔxəɾʲ/}} "key", seo {{IPA|/ˈʃɔ/}} "this"
|-
| rowspan="3" |'''i'''
| rowspan="2" |stressed
|usually
| colspan="3" |{{IPA|/ɪ/}}
|{{lang|ga|pic}} {{IPA|/pʲɪc/}} "pitch", {{lang|ga|ifreann}} {{IPA|/ˈɪfʲɾʲən̪ˠ/}} "hell"
|-
|before syllable-final {{vr|ll, nn}} and -{{vr|m}}
|{{IPA|/ɪ/}}
| colspan="2" |{{IPA|/iː/}}
|{{lang|ga|cill}} {{IPA|/ciːl̠ʲ/}} "church", {{lang|ga|cinnte}} {{IPA|/ˈciːn̠ʲtʲə/}} "sure", {{lang|ga|im}} {{IPA|/iːmʲ/}} "butter"
|-
| colspan="2" |unstressed
| colspan="3" |{{IPA|/ə/}}
|{{lang|ga|faoistin}} {{IPA|/ˈfˠiːʃtʲənʲ/}} "confession"
|-
| colspan="3" |'''í''', '''ío'''
| colspan="3" |{{IPA|/iː/}}
|{{lang|ga|gnímh}} {{IPA|/ɟnʲiːvʲ/}} "act, deed" (gen.), {{lang|ga|cailín}} {{IPA|/ˈkalʲiːnʲ/}} "girl", {{lang|ga|síol}} {{IPA|/ʃiːlˠ/}} "seed"
|-
| colspan="3" |'''ia''', '''iai'''
| colspan="3" |{{IPA|/iə/}}
|{{lang|ga|Diarmaid}} {{IPA|/dʲiərmədʲ/}} "Dermot", {{lang|ga|bliain}} {{IPA|/bʲlʲiənʲ/}} "year"
|-
| colspan="3" |'''iá''', '''iái'''
| colspan="3" |{{IPA|/iː.aː/}}
|{{lang|ga|bián}} {{IPA|/ˈbʲiːaːnˠ/}} "size", {{lang|ga|liáin}} {{IPA|/ˈl̠ʲiːaːnʲ/}} "trowel" (gen.)
|-
| colspan="2" rowspan="3" |'''io'''
|before {{vr|{{wrap|d, n, r, s, t, th}}}}
| colspan="3" |{{IPA|/ɪ/}}
|{{lang|ga|fios}} {{IPA|/fʲɪsˠ/}} "knowledge", {{lang|ga|bior}} {{IPA|/bʲɪɾˠ/}} "spit, spike", {{lang|ga|cion}} {{IPA|/cɪnˠ/}} "affection", {{lang|ga|giota}} {{IPA|/ˈɟɪt̪ˠə/}} "bit, piece", {{lang|ga|giodam}} {{IPA|/ˈɟɪd̪ˠəmˠ/}} "restlessness", {{lang|ga|friotháil}} {{IPA|/ˈfʲɾʲɪhaːlʲ/}} "attention"
|-
|before {{vr|{{wrap|b, c, g, m, ng, p}}}}
| rowspan="2" |{{IPA|/ɪ/}}
| colspan="2" |{{IPA|/ʊ/}}
|{{lang|ga|siopa}} {{IPA|/ˈʃʊpˠə/}} "shop", {{lang|ga|liom}} {{IPA|/lʲʊmˠ/}} "with me", {{lang|ga|tiocfaidh}} {{IPA|/ˈtʲʊkiː/}} "will come", {{lang|ga|Siobhán}} {{IPA|/ˈʃʊwaːnˠ/}} "Joan", {{lang|ga|briogáid}} {{IPA|/ˈbʲɾʲʊɡaːdʲ/}} "brigade", {{lang|ga|tiomáin}} {{IPA|/ˈtʲʊmaːnʲ/}} "drive" (imper.), {{lang|ga|ionga}} {{IPA|/ˈʊŋɡə/}} "(finger)nail"
|-
|before syllable-final {{Vr|nn}}
|{{IPA|/ʊ/}}
|{{IPA|/uː/}}
|{{lang|ga|fionn}} {{IPA|/fʲʊn̪ˠ/}} "light-haired"
|-
| colspan="3" |'''ió''', '''iói'''
| colspan="3" |{{IPA|/iː.oː/}}
|{{lang|ga|sióg}} {{IPA|/ˈʃiːoːɡ/}} "fairy", {{lang|ga|pióg}} {{IPA|/ˈpʲiːoːɡ/}} "pie", {{lang|ga|grióir}} {{IPA|/ˈɟɾʲiːoːɾʲ/}} "weakling"
|-
| colspan="3" |'''iu'''
| colspan="3" |{{IPA|/ʊ/}}
|{{lang|ga|fliuch}} {{IPA|/fʲlʲʊx/}} "wet"
|-
| colspan="3" |'''iú''', '''iúi'''
| colspan="3" |{{IPA|/uː/}}
|{{lang|ga|siúl}} {{IPA|/ʃuːlˠ/}} "walk", {{lang|ga|bailiú}} {{IPA|/ˈbˠalʲuː/}} "gathering", {{lang|ga|ciúin}} {{IPA|/cuːnʲ/}} "quiet", {{lang|ga|inniúil}} {{IPA|/ˈɪn̠ʲuːlʲ/}} "able, fit"
|-
| rowspan="5" |'''o'''
| rowspan="4" |stressed
|usually
| colspan="3" |{{IPA|/ɔ/}}
|{{lang|ga|post}} {{IPA|/pˠɔsˠt̪ˠ/}} "post"
|-
|before {{vr|rd, rl, rn}}
| colspan="3" |{{IPA|/oː/}}
|{{lang|ga|bord}} {{IPA|/bˠoːɾˠd̪ˠ/}} "table", {{lang|ga|orlach}} {{IPA|/ˈoːɾˠl̪ˠəx/}} "inch"
|-
|before {{vr|n, m}}
| rowspan="2" |{{IPA|/ɔ/}}
| colspan="2" |{{IPA|/ʊ/}}
|{{lang|ga|conradh}} {{IPA|/ˈkʊnˠɾˠə/}} "agreement", {{lang|ga|cromóg}} {{IPA|/ˈkɾˠʊmˠoːɡ/}} "hooked nose"
|-
|before syllable-final {{Vr|nn}} and -{{Vr|m, ng}}
|{{IPA|/uː/}}
|{{IPA|/əu/}}
|{{lang|ga|fonn}} {{IPA|/fˠuːn̪ˠ/}} "desire, inclination", {{lang|ga|trom}} {{IPA|/t̪ˠɾˠuːmˠ/}} "heavy", {{lang|ga|long}} {{IPA|/l̪ˠuːŋɡ/}} "ship"
|-
| colspan="2" |unstressed
| colspan="3" |{{IPA|/ə/}}
|{{lang|ga|mo}} {{IPA|/mˠə/}} "my", {{lang|ga|cothrom}} {{IPA|/ˈkɔɾˠəmˠ/}} "equal"
|-
| colspan="3" |'''ó''', '''ói'''
| colspan="3" |{{IPA|/oː/}}
|{{lang|ga|póg}} {{IPA|/pˠoːɡ/}} "kiss", {{lang|ga|armónach}} {{IPA|/ˈaɾˠəmˠoːnəx/}} "harmonic", {{lang|ga|móin}} {{IPA|/mˠoːnʲ/}} "sod, turf", {{lang|ga|bádóir}} {{IPA|/ˈbˠaːd̪ˠoːɾʲ/}} "boatman"
|-
| rowspan="7" |'''oi'''
| rowspan="6" |stressed
|usually
| colspan="3" |{{IPA|/ɛ/}}
|{{lang|ga|scoil}} {{IPA|/sˠkɛlʲ/}} "school", {{lang|ga|troid}} {{IPA|/t̪ˠɾˠɛdʲ/}} "fight" (imper.), {{lang|ga|toitín}} {{IPA|/ˈt̪ˠɛtʲiːnʲ/}} "cigarette", {{lang|ga|oibre}} {{IPA|/ˈɛbʲɾʲə/}} "work" (gen.), {{lang|ga|thoir}} {{IPA|/hɛɾʲ/}} "in the east", {{lang|ga|cloiche}} {{IPA|/ˈklˠɛçə/}} "stone" (gen.)
|-
|before {{vr|{{wrap|cht, rs, rt, rth, s}}}}
| colspan="3" |{{IPA|/ɔ/}}
|{{lang|ga|cois}} {{IPA|/kɔʃ/}} "foot" (dat.), {{lang|ga|cloisfidh}} {{IPA|/ˈkl̪ˠɔʃiː/}} "will hear", {{lang|ga|boicht}} {{IPA|/bˠɔxtʲ/}} "poor" (gen. sg. masc.), {{lang|ga|doirse}} {{IPA|/ˈd̪ɔɾˠʃə/}} "doors", {{lang|ga|goirt}} {{IPA|/ɡɔɾˠtʲ/}} "salty", {{lang|ga|oirthear}} {{IPA|/ˈɔɾˠhəɾˠ/}} "east"
|-
|before {{vr|rd, rl, rn}}
| colspan="3" |{{IPA|/oː/}}
|{{lang|ga|coirnéal}} {{IPA|/ˈkoːɾˠn̠ʲeːlˠ/}} "corner", {{lang|ga|oird}} {{IPA|/oːɾˠdʲ/}} "sledgehammers"
|-
|next to {{vr|n, m, mh}}
| colspan="3" |{{IPA|/ɪ/}}
|{{lang|ga|anois}} {{IPA|/əˈnˠɪʃ/}} "now", {{lang|ga|gloine}} {{IPA|/ˈɡlˠɪnʲə/}} "glass", {{lang|ga|cnoic}} {{IPA|/knˠɪc/}} "hills", {{lang|ga|roimh}} {{IPA|/ɾˠɪvʲ/}} "before", {{lang|ga|coimeád}} {{IPA|/ˈkɪmʲaːd̪ˠ/}} "keep" (imper.), {{lang|ga|loinge}} {{IPA|/ˈl̪ˠɪɲɟə/}} "ship" (gen.)
|-
|before syllable-final {{Vr|nn}} and -{{Vr|m}}
| rowspan="2" |{{IPA|/ɪ/}}
| colspan="2" |{{IPA|/iː/}}
|{{lang|ga|foinn}} {{IPA|/fˠiːnʲ/}} "wish" (gen.), {{lang|ga|droim}} {{IPA|/d̪ˠɾˠiːmʲ/}} "back"
|-
|before syllable-final {{Vr|ll}}
|{{IPA|/əi/}}
|{{IPA|/iː/}}
|{{lang|ga|goill}} {{IPA|/gəil̠ʲ/}} "grieve, hurt", {{lang|ga|coillte}} {{IPA|/ˈkəil̠ʲtʲə/}} "forests"
|-
| colspan="2" |unstressed
| colspan="3" |{{IPA|/ə/}}
|{{lang|ga|éadroime}} {{IPA|/eːdˠɾˠəmʲə/}} "lightness"
|-
| colspan="3" |'''oí''', '''oío'''
| colspan="3" |{{IPA|/iː/}}
|{{lang|ga|croíleacán}} {{IPA|/ˈkɾˠiːlʲəkaːnˠ/}} "core", {{lang|ga|croíonna}} {{IPA|/ˈkɾˠiːn̪ˠə/}} "hearts"
|-
| rowspan="4" |'''u'''
| rowspan="3" |stressed
|usually
| colspan="3" |{{IPA|/ʊ/}}
|{{lang|ga|dubh}} {{IPA|/d̪ˠʊw/}} "black"
|-
|before {{vr|rd, rl, rn}}
| colspan="3" |{{IPA|/uː/}}
|{{lang|ga|burla}} {{IPA|/ˈbˠuːɾˠl̪ˠə/}} "bundle", {{lang|ga|murnán}} {{IPA|/ˈmˠuːɾˠn̪ˠaːnˠ/}} "ankle"
|-
|in English loanwords
| colspan="3" |{{IPA|/ɔ/}} or {{IPA|/ʊ/}}
|{{lang|ga|bus}} {{IPA|/bˠɔsˠ/}}, {{lang|ga|club}} {{IPA|/klˠɔbˠ/}}
|-
| colspan="2" |unstressed
| colspan="3" |{{IPA|/ə/}}
|{{lang|ga|agus}} {{IPA|/ˈaɡəsˠ/}} "and"
|-
| colspan="3" |'''ú''', '''úi'''
| colspan="3" |{{IPA|/uː/}}
|{{lang|ga|tús}} {{IPA|/t̪ˠuːsˠ/}} "beginning", {{lang|ga|súil}} {{IPA|/suːlʲ/}} "eye", {{lang|ga|cosúil}} {{IPA|/ˈkɔsˠuːlʲ/}} "like, resembling"
|-
| colspan="3" |'''ua''', '''uai'''
| colspan="3" |{{IPA|/uə/}}
|{{lang|ga|fuar}} {{IPA|/fˠuəɾˠ/}} "cold", {{lang|ga|fuair}} {{IPA|/fˠuəɾʲ/}} "got"
|-
| colspan="3" |'''uá''', '''uái'''
| colspan="3" |{{IPA|/uː.aː/}}
|{{lang|ga|ruán}} {{IPA|/ˈɾˠuːaːnˠ/}} "buckwheat", {{lang|ga|duán}} {{IPA|/ˈd̪ˠuːaːnˠ/}} "kidney, fishhook", {{lang|ga|fuáil}} {{IPA|/ˈfˠuːaːlʲ/}} "sewing, stitching"
|-
| rowspan="4" |'''ui'''
| rowspan="3" |stressed
|usually
| colspan="3" |{{IPA|/ɪ/}}
|{{lang|ga|duine}} {{IPA|/ˈd̪ˠɪnʲə/}} "person"
|-
|before {{vr|rd, rl, rn}}
| rowspan="2" |{{IPA|/ɪ/}}
| colspan="2" |{{IPA|/uː/}}
|{{lang|ga|duirling}} {{IPA|/ˈd̪ˠuːɾˠlʲənʲ/}} "stony beach", {{lang|ga|tuirne}} {{IPA|/ˈt̪ˠuːɾˠn̠ʲə/}} "spinning wheel"
|-
|before syllable-final {{Vr|ll, nn}} and -{{Vr|m}}
| colspan="2" |{{IPA|/iː/}}
|{{lang|ga|tuillteanach}} /ˈt̪ˠiːl̠ʲtʲənˠəx/ "deserving", {{lang|ga|puinn}} /pˠiːn̠ʲ/ "much", {{lang|ga|suim}} /sˠiːmʲ/ "interest"
|-
| colspan="2" |unstressed
| colspan="3" |{{IPA|/ə/}}
|{{lang|ga|aguisín}} {{IPA|/ˈaɡəʃiːnʲ/}} "addition"
|-
| colspan="3" |'''uí''', '''uío'''
| colspan="3" |{{IPA|/iː/}}
|{{lang|ga|buígh}} {{IPA|/bˠiːj/}} "turn yellow" (imper.), {{lang|ga|buíon}} {{IPA|/bˠiːnˠ/}} "band, troop"
|-
| colspan="3" |'''uó''', '''uói'''
| colspan="3" |{{IPA|/uː.oː/}}
|{{lang|ga|cruóg}} {{IPA|/ˈkɾˠuːoːɡ/}} "urgent need", {{lang|ga|luóige}} {{IPA|/ˈl̪ˠuːoːɟə/}} "pollock" (gen.)
|}

==== Followed by {{vr|bh, dh, gh, mh}} ====
When followed by {{vr|bh, dh, gh, mh}}, a short vowel usually forms a [[diphthong]] or lengthens. For {{vr|(e)adh, (a)idh, (a)igh}}, see -{{vr|dh, (a)igh}} in [[#Exceptions in verb forms|exceptions in verb forms]].
{| class="wikitable"
! colspan="2" rowspan="2" |Letters
! colspan="3" |Phoneme(s)
! rowspan="2" |Example(s)
|-
![[Ulster Irish|U]]
!'''[[Connacht Irish|C]]'''
![[Munster Irish|M]]
|-
| colspan="2" |'''(e)abh''', '''(e)abha''', '''(e)abhai'''
|{{IPA|/oː/}} or {{IPA|/əu/}}
| colspan="2" |{{IPA|/əu/}}
|{{lang|ga|Feabhra}} {{IPA|/ˈfʲəuɾˠə/}} "February", {{lang|ga|leabhair}} {{IPA|/l̠ʲəuɾʲ/}} "books", {{lang|ga|sabhall}} {{IPA|/sˠəul̪ˠ/}} "barn"
|-
| rowspan="2" |'''(e)adh''', '''(e)adha''', '''(e)adhai''', '''(e)agh''', '''(e)agha''', '''(e)aghai'''
|stressed
|{{IPA|/eː/}} or {{IPA|/əi/}}
| colspan="2" |{{IPA|/əi/}}
|{{lang|ga|meadhg}} {{IPA|/mʲəiɡ/}} "whey", {{lang|ga|adharc}} {{IPA|/əiɾˠk/}} "horn", {{lang|ga|adhairt}} {{IPA|/əiɾˠtʲ/}} "pillow", {{lang|ga|saghsanna}} {{IPA|/ˈsˠəisˠən̪ˠə/}} "sorts, kinds", {{lang|ga|deagha}} {{IPA|/d̪ˠəi/}} "centaury", {{lang|ga|aghaidh}} {{IPA|/əij/}} "face"
|-
|unstressed
|{{IPA|/uː/}}
| colspan="2" |{{IPA|/ə/}}
|{{lang|ga|margadh}} {{IPA|/ˈmˠaɾˠəɡə/}} "market", {{lang|ga|briseadh}} {{IPA|/ˈbʲɾʲɪʃə/}} "breaking"
|-
| rowspan="2" |'''aidh''', '''aidhe''', '''aigh''', '''aighe''', '''aighea'''
|stressed
| colspan="3" |{{IPA|/əi/}}
|{{lang|ga|aidhleann}} {{IPA|/ˈəilʲən̪ˠ/}} "rack", {{lang|ga|aidhe}} {{IPA|/əi/}} "aye!", {{lang|ga|aighneas}} {{IPA|/əinʲəsˠ/}} "argument, discussion", {{lang|ga|aighe}} {{IPA|/əi/}} "cow, ox" (gen.), {{lang|ga|caighean}} {{IPA|/kəinˠ/}} "cage"
|-
|unstressed
|{{IPA|/iː/}}
|{{IPA|/ə/}}
|{{IPA|/əɟ/}}
|cleachtaidh {{IPA|/ˈclʲaxt̪ˠiː/}} "practice" (gen.), {{lang|ga|bacaigh}} {{IPA|/ˈbˠakiː/}} "beggar" (gen.)
|-
| rowspan="2" |'''(e)amh''', '''(e)amha''', '''(e)amhai'''
|stressed
| colspan="3" |{{IPA|/əu/}}
|{{lang|ga|ramhraigh}} {{IPA|/ˈɾˠəuɾˠiː/}} "fattened", {{lang|ga|amhantar}} {{IPA|/ˈəun̪ˠt̪ˠəɾˠ/}} "venture", {{lang|ga|[[Samhain]]}} {{IPA|/sˠəunʲ/}} "November"
|-
|unstressed
|{{IPA|/uː/}}
|{{IPA|/ə(w)/}}
|{{IPA|/əw/}}
|{{Lang|ga|acadamh}} {{IPA|/ˈakəd̪ˠəw/}} "academy", {{Lang|ga|creideamh}} {{IPA|/ˈcɾʲɛdʲəw/}} "belief, religion"
|-
| colspan="2" |'''eidh''', '''eidhea''', '''eidhi'''
| rowspan="2" |{{IPA|/eː/}}
| colspan="2" rowspan="2" |{{IPA|/əi/}}
|{{lang|ga|feidhm}} {{IPA|/fʲəimʲ/}} "function", {{lang|ga|eidheann}} {{IPA|/əin̪ˠ/}} "ivy", {{lang|ga|meidhir}} {{IPA|/mʲəiɾʲ/}} "mirth"
|-
| colspan="2" |'''eigh''', '''eighea''', '''eighi'''
|{{lang|ga|feighlí}} {{IPA|/ˈfʲəilʲiː/}} "overseer", {{lang|ga|leigheas}} {{IPA|/l̠ʲəisˠ/}} "healing", {{lang|ga|feighil}} {{IPA|/fʲəilʲ/}} "vigilance"
|-
| rowspan="2" |'''idh''', '''(u)igh'''
|stressed
| colspan="2" |{{IPA|/iː/}}
|{{IPA|/ɪɟ/}}
|{{lang|ga|ligh}} {{IPA|/l̠ʲiː/}} "sit", {{lang|ga|guigh}} {{IPA|/giː/}} "pray"
|-
|unstressed
|{{IPA|/iː/}}
|{{IPA|/ə/}}
|{{IPA|/əɟ/}}
|{{lang|ga|tuillidh}} {{IPA|/ˈt̪ˠɪl̠ʲiː/}} "addition" (gen.), {{lang|ga|coiligh}} {{IPA|/ˈkɛlʲiː/}} "rooster" (gen.)
|-
| colspan="2" |'''oidh''', '''oidhea''', '''oidhi'''
| colspan="3" rowspan="2" |{{IPA|/əi/}}
|{{lang|ga|oidhre}} {{IPA|/əiɾʲə/}} "heir", {{lang|ga|oidheanna}} {{IPA|/əin̪ˠə/}} "tragedies"
|-
| colspan="2" |'''oigh''', '''oighea''', '''oighi'''
|{{lang|ga|oighreach}} {{IPA|/ˈəiɾʲəx/}} "glacial", {{lang|ga|oigheann}} {{IPA|/əin̪ˠ/}} "oven", {{lang|ga|loighic}} {{IPA|/l̪ˠəic/}} "logic"
|-
| colspan="2" |'''(e)obh''', '''(e)obha''', '''(e)obhai'''
| rowspan="3" |{{IPA|/oː/}}
| colspan="2" rowspan="3" |{{IPA|/əu/}}
|{{lang|ga|lobhra}} {{IPA|/ˈl̪ˠəuɾˠə/}} "leprosy", {{lang|ga|lobhar}} {{IPA|/l̪ˠəuɾˠ/}} "leper", {{lang|ga|lobhair}} {{IPA|/l̪ˠəuɾʲ/}} "lepers"
|-
| colspan="2" |'''(e)odh''', '''(e)odha''', '''(e)odhai'''
|{{lang|ga|bodhrán}} {{IPA|/ˈbˠəuɾˠaːnˠ/}} "deaf person", {{lang|ga|bodhar}} {{IPA|/bˠəuɾˠ/}} "deaf", {{lang|ga|bodhair}} {{IPA|/bˠəuɾʲ/}} "deaf people"
|-
| colspan="2" |'''(e)ogh''', '''(e)ogha''', '''(e)oghai'''
|{{lang|ga|doghra}} {{IPA|/ˈd̪ˠəuɾˠə/}} "misery", {{lang|ga|bogha}} {{IPA|/bˠəu/}} "bow", {{lang|ga|broghais}} {{IPA|/bˠɾˠəuʃ/}} "afterbirth (of animal)"
|-
| colspan="2" |'''(e)omh''', '''(e)omha''', '''(e)omhai'''
| colspan="3" |{{IPA|/oː/}}
|{{lang|ga|Domhnach}} {{IPA|/ˈd̪ˠoːnˠəx/}} "Sunday", {{lang|ga|comhar}} {{IPA|/koːɾˠ/}} "partnership", {{lang|ga|domhain}} {{IPA|/d̪ˠoːnʲ/}} "deep"
|-
| colspan="2" |'''(i)ubh'''
|{{IPA|/uː/}}
|{{IPA|/ʊ(w)/}}
|{{IPA|/ʊw/}}
|{{lang|ga|dubh}} {{IPA|/d̪ˠʊw/}} "black", {{lang|ga|tiubh}} {{IPA|/tʲʊw/}} "dense"
|-
| colspan="2" |'''(i)umh''', '''(i)umha''', '''(i)umhai'''
| colspan="3" |{{IPA|/uː/}}
|{{lang|ga|cumhra}} {{IPA|/ˈkuːɾˠə/}} "fragrant", {{lang|ga|Mumhan}} {{IPA|/ˈmˠuːnˠ/}} "Munster" (gen.), {{lang|ga|ciumhais}} {{IPA|/cuːʃ/}} "edge"
|}