Editing Islam in Brazil (section)

===Malê Revolt===
{{Main|Malê Revolt}}
The Muslim uprising of 1835 in [[Bahia]] illustrates the condition and legacy of resistance among the community of ''Malês'', as African Muslims were known in 19th-century Bahia. The majority of the participants were Nago, the local designation for ethnic [[Yoruba people|Yoruba]]. [[Pacifico Licutan]] was one of the leaders of the revolt. Many of the "Malês" had been soldiers and captives in the wars between [[Oyo Empire|Oyo]], [[Ilorin]] and other Yoruba [[city-states]] in the early part of the 19th century. Other participants included [[Hausa people|Hausa]] and [[Nupe people|Nupe]] clerics, along with Jeje or [[Dahomean]] soldiers who had converted to [[Islam]] or fought in alliance with [[Muslims]].<ref>Slave rebellion in Brazil: the Muslim uprising of 1835 in Bahia, p. 139</ref>"

Beginning on the night of January 24, 1835, and continuing the following morning, a group of African born slaves occupied the streets of [[Salvador da Bahia|Salvador]] and for more than three hours they confronted soldiers and armed civilians.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Kent |first1=R. K. |title=African Revolt in Bahia: 24-25 January 1835 |journal=Journal of Social History |date=1970 |volume=3 |issue=4 |pages=334–356 |doi=10.1353/jsh/3.4.334 |jstor=3786298 }}</ref><ref name=reis1988>{{cite journal |last1=Reis |first1=João José |title=Slave Resistance in Brazil: Bahia, 1807-1835 |journal=Luso-Brazilian Review |date=1988 |volume=25 |issue=1 |pages=111–144 |jstor=3513114 }}</ref>

Even though it was short lived, the revolt was the largest slave revolt in Brazil and the largest urban slave revolt in the Americas.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.press.jhu.edu/books/title_pages/2365.html|title=Slave Rebellion in Brazil|date=1 September 1995|website=jhu.edu|access-date=19 April 2018|archive-date=7 February 2009|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090207165718/http://www.press.jhu.edu/books/title_pages/2365.html|url-status=dead}}</ref> About 300 Africans took part and the estimated death toll ranges from fifty to a hundred, although exact numbers are unknown.  This number increases even more if the wounded who died in prisons or hospitals are included.<ref name=reis1988/>  Many participants were sentenced to death, prison, whippings, or deportation. The rebellion had nationwide repercussions. Fearing the example might be followed, the Brazilian authorities began to watch the ''malês'' very carefully and in subsequent years intensive efforts were made to force conversions to [[Catholicism]] and erase the popular memory of and affection towards [[Islam]].<ref>{{cite book |last1=Reis |first1=João José |title=Slave Rebellion in Brazil: The Muslim Uprising of 1835 in Bahia |date=1993 |publisher=Johns Hopkins University Press |isbn=978-0-8018-4462-1 }}{{pn|date=November 2020}}</ref> However, the African Muslim community was not erased overnight, and as late as 1910 it is estimated there were still some 100,000 African Muslims living in Brazil.<ref>Steven Barboza, ''American Jihad'', 1993</ref>