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Italian irredentism
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=== Origins === {{Further|Italian irredentism in Corsica}} [[File:Pascal Paoli01.jpg|thumb|right|Monument to [[Pasquale Paoli]], the Corsican hero who made Italian the official language of his [[Corsican Republic]] in 1755]] The Corsican revolutionary [[Pasquale Paoli]] was called "the precursor of Italian irredentism" by [[Niccolò Tommaseo]] because he was the first to promote the Italian language and socio-culture (the main characteristics of Italian irredentism) in his island; Paoli wanted the [[Italian language]] to be the official language of the newly founded [[Corsican Republic]]. Pasquale Paoli's appeal in 1768 against the French invader said: {{quote|We are Corsicans by birth and sentiment, but first of all we feel Italian by language, origins, customs, traditions; and Italians are all brothers and united in the face of history and in the face of God ... As Corsicans we wish to be neither slaves nor "rebels" and as Italians we have the right to deal as equals with the other Italian brothers ... Either we shall be free or we shall be nothing... Either we shall win or we shall die (against the French), weapons in hand ... The war against France is right and holy as the name of God is holy and right, and here on our mountains will appear for Italy the sun of liberty|Pasquale Paoli''<ref>N. Tommaseo. "Lettere di Pasquale de Paoli" (in Archivio storico italiano, 1st series, vol. XI).</ref>}} Paoli's [[Corsican Constitution]] of 1755 was written in Italian and the short-lived university he founded in the city of [[Corte, Haute-Corse|Corte]] in 1765 used Italian as the official language. Paoli was sympathetic to [[Italian culture]] and regarded his own native language as an Italian dialect (Corsican is an [[Italo-Dalmatian languages|Italo-Dalmatian tongue]] closely related to [[Tuscan language|Tuscan]]). After the [[Italian unification]] and [[Third Italian War of Independence]] in 1866, there were areas with Italian-speaking communities within the borders of several countries around the newly created Kingdom of Italy. The irredentists sought to annex all those areas to the newly unified Italy. The areas targeted were [[Corsica]], [[Dalmatia]], [[Gorizia]], [[Istria]], [[Malta]], [[County of Nice]], [[Ticino]], small parts of [[Grisons]] and of [[Valais]], [[Trentino]], [[Trieste]] and [[Fiume]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://paduaresearch.cab.unipd.it/5452/1/paci_deborah_tesi.pdf|title=Il mito del Risorgimento mediterraneo|access-date=2 June 2021|language=it}}</ref> Different movements or groups founded in this period included the Italian politician Matteo Renato Imbriani inventing the new term ''terre irredente'' ("unredeemed lands") in 1877; in the same year the movement ''Associazione in pro dell'Italia Irredenta'' ("Association for the Unredeemed Italy") was founded; in 1885 the ''Pro Patria'' movement ("For Fatherland") was founded and in 1891 the ''Lega Nazionale Italiana'' ("Italian National League") was founded in Trento and Trieste (in the Austrian Empire).<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.atlantegrandeguerra.it/portfolio/lega-nazionale/|title=Lega Nazionale|access-date=2 June 2021|language=it}}</ref> Initially, the movement can be described as part of the more general [[nation-building]] process in Europe in the 19th and 20th centuries when the multi-national [[Austria-Hungary|Austro-Hungarian]], [[Russian Empire|Russian]] and [[Ottoman Empire|Ottoman]] Empires were being replaced by nation-states. The Italian nation-building process can be compared to similar movements in Germany (''[[Großdeutschland]]''), [[Hungary]], [[Serbia]] and in pre-1914 [[Poland]]. Simultaneously, in many parts of 19th-century Europe [[liberalism]] and [[nationalism]] were ideologies which were coming to the forefront of political culture. In Eastern Europe, where the [[Habsburg monarchy|Habsburg Empire]] had long asserted control over a variety of ethnic and cultural groups, nationalism appeared in a standard format. The beginning of the 19th century "was the period when the smaller, mostly indigenous nationalities of the empire – [[Czechs]], [[Slovaks]], [[Slovenes]], [[Croats]], [[Serbs]], [[Ukrainians]], [[Romanians]] – remembered their historical traditions, revived their native tongues as literary languages, reappropriated their traditions and folklore, in short, reasserted their existence as nations".<ref>Sperber, Jonathan. The European Revolutions, 1848–1851. New York: Cambridge University Press, 2005. page 99.</ref>
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