Editing J'ouvert (section)

=== Trinidad's Carnival ===
J'ouvert's is rooted in the history of Carnival in Trinidad. The French brought Carnival to Trinidad in the 1780s, a time of [[Atlantic slave trade|slavery]].<ref name=":02">{{cite web |date=15 December 2014 |title="Mama Dis is Mas" |url=https://www.nalis.gov.tt/Resources/Subject-Guide/Carnival |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170211235544/https://www.nalis.gov.tt/Resources/Subject-Guide/Carnival |archive-date=11 February 2017 |access-date=1 September 2019 |publisher=National Library and Information System Authority}}</ref> Their [[Pre-Lent|pre-lenten]] Carnival included hunting parties, dinners, [[Ball (dance event)|balls]], and [[Masquerade ball|masquerading]].<ref name=":02" /><ref name=":12">{{Cite book |last1=Henry |first1=Frances |author-link=Frances Henry |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=pPfADwAAQBAJ&q=french&pg=PA57 |title=Carnival Is Woman: Feminism and Performance in Caribbean Mas |last2=Plaza |first2=Dwaine |date=2019-12-30 |publisher=Univ. Press of Mississippi |isbn=978-1-4968-2548-3 |language=en}}</ref> Enslaved Africans, who were banned from participating in Carnival, are said to have staged their own mini-carnivals, but using their own [[rituals]] and [[folklore]]<ref name=":02" /> and imitating or mocking their masters' masquerade balls.<ref name=":03"/><ref>{{Cite web |date=2021-02-15 |title=Jouvert: Carnival high times, from Trinidad to the diaspora |url=https://pan-african-music.com/en/jouvert-in-the-diaspora/ |access-date=2024-05-25 |website=PAM - Pan African Music |language=en-US}}</ref> These imitation carnivals and mocking of the ruling class likely gave rise to J'ouvert traditions, as parodying of the upper class is an important aspect of J'ouvert tradition.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Kerrigan |first=Dylan |date=2005-01-01 |title=Creatures of the mas |url=https://www.caribbean-beat.com/issue-71/creatures-mas |access-date=2024-05-25 |website=Caribbean Beat Magazine |language=en-GB}}</ref> Alternatively, J'ouvert masquerading traditions may come from directly a French Carnival tradition that took the form of "after-dinner raids on private homes". Friendly raiders would disguise themselves in humorous costumes that were often topical, [[parody]]ing political or social events,<ref name=":02" /> and would remain disguised until their identities were guessed correctly.<ref name=":02" /> Costumes with political and social commentary are still seen in J'ouvert today.<ref name=":8">{{Cite journal |last=La Rose |first=Michael |date=2019 |title="The City Could Burn Down, We Jammin' Still!": The History and Tradition of Cultural Resistance in the Art, Music, Masquerade and Politics of the Caribbean Carnival: Caribbean Quarterly |url=https://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00086495.2019.1682348 |journal=Caribbean Quarterly |volume=65 |issue=4 |pages=491–512 |doi=10.1080/00086495.2019.1682348|url-access=subscription }}</ref>