Editing Jack-o'-lantern (section)

===Origin===
The [[Vegetable carving|carving of vegetables]] has been a common practice in many parts of the world. It is believed that the custom of making jack-o'-lanterns at Halloween time began in Ireland and Britain.<ref name=clant>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=AN7WAAAAMAAJ&q=candlelit+lanterns+were+carved+from+large+turnips |title=The Oxford Companion to American Food and Drink |page=269|publisher= Oxford University Press|date= 2007|isbn=9780195307962 |access-date= February 17, 2011}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/uk_news/magazine/4385812.stm |title=Pumpkins Passions|work=BBC|date= October 31, 2005|access-date=October 19, 2006}} They continue to be popular choices today as carved lanterns in Northern England, Scotland, and Northern Ireland; the British purchased a million pumpkins for Halloween in 2004."</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/uk_news/northern_ireland/4383216.stm |title=Turnip battles with pumpkin for Hallowe'en|work=BBC|date= October 28, 2005|access-date= September 23, 2007}}</ref> In the 19th century, "[[turnip]]s or [[Mangelwurzel|mangel wurzels]], hollowed out to act as lanterns and often carved with grotesque faces," were used on Halloween in parts of England, Ireland, [[Wales]] and Scotland.<ref name=hutton382-383>{{cite book|author=Hutton, Ronald|author-link=Ronald Hutton|title=The Stations of the Sun: A History of the Ritual Year in Britain|publisher= Oxford University Press|date= 1996|pages=382–383}}</ref> In [[Goidelic languages|Gaelic]]-speaking regions, Halloween was also the festival of [[Samhain]] and was seen as a time when supernatural beings (the {{Lang|ga|[[Aos Sí]]}}) walked the earth. In Wales such nights were known as Ysbrydnosau (spirit nights), with [[Calan Gaeaf]] being the one which occurred on the night of 31 October. Jack-o'-lanterns were also made at Halloween time in [[Somerset]], England (see [[Punkie Night]]) during the 19th century.<ref name=hutton382-383 />

By those who made them, the lanterns were said to represent either spirits or supernatural beings,<ref name=hutton382-383 /> or were [[Apotropaic magic|used to ward off evil spirits]].<ref name=palmer87>{{cite book|author=Palmer, Kingsley|title=Oral folk-tales of Wessex|publisher= David & Charles|date= 1973|pages=87–88}}</ref> For example, sometimes they were used by Halloween participants to frighten people,<ref name="palmer87" /><ref name="arnoldb" /><ref>{{cite book|author=Wilson, David Scofield|title=Rooted in America: Foodlore of Popular Fruits and Vegetables|url=https://archive.org/details/rootedinamericaf00davi|url-access=registration|publisher= University of Tennessee Press|date= 1999|page=[https://archive.org/details/rootedinamericaf00davi/page/154 154]}}</ref> and sometimes they were set on [[Window sill|windowsills]] to keep harmful spirits out of one's home.<ref name=arnoldb>{{cite web |url=https://pantherfile.uwm.edu/barnold/www/lectures/holloween.html |title=Bettina Arnold&nbsp;– Halloween Lecture: Halloween Customs in the Celtic World |access-date=2007-10-16 |last=Arnold |first=Bettina |date=2001-10-31 |publisher=Center for Celtic Studies |work=Halloween [[Inaugural]] Celebration |location=[[University of Wisconsin–Milwaukee]] |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110624080404/https://pantherfile.uwm.edu/barnold/www/lectures/holloween.html |archive-date=2011-06-24 }}</ref> It has also been suggested that the jack-o'-lanterns originally represented [[Christianity|Christian]] souls in [[purgatory]], as Halloween is the eve of [[All Saints' Day]] (1 November)/[[All Souls' Day]] (2 November).<ref>{{cite book|author=Rogers, Nicholas|title=Halloween: From Pagan Ritual to Party Night|url=https://archive.org/details/halloweenfrompag00roge|url-access=limited|publisher= Oxford University Press|date= 2003|page=[https://archive.org/details/halloweenfrompag00roge/page/n66 57]|isbn=978-0-19-514691-2}}</ref>

On January 16, 1836, the ''[[Dublin Penny Journal]]'' published a long story on the legend of "Jack-o'-the-Lantern", although this does not mention the lantern being carved from a vegetable.<ref>{{cite journal|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=9gLSAAAAMAAJ&q=history+of+jack+o+lanterns&pg=RA1-PA230 |title=History of Jack-o'-the-Lantern|journal=Dublin Penny Journal|year=1835|volume= 3–4|pages=229, 1835}}</ref> In 1837, the ''Limerick Chronicle'' refers to a local [[pub]] holding a carved gourd competition and presenting a prize to "the best crown of Jack McLantern". The term "McLantern" also appears in an 1841 publication of the same paper.{{citation needed|date=October 2022}}

There is also evidence that turnips were used to carve what was called a "Hoberdy's Lantern" in [[Worcestershire]], England, at the end of the 18th century. The [[folklorist]] [[Jabez Allies]] outlines other derivations of the name, "Hobany's", which is most likely derived from "Hob and his", with other variations including "Hob-o'-Lantern", "Hobbedy's Lantern" and "Hobbady-lantern".<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Kittredge|first=G. L.|date=1900|title=The Friar's Lantern and Friar Rush|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/456566|journal=PMLA|volume=15|issue=4|pages=415–441|doi=10.2307/456566|jstor=456566|issn=0030-8129|url-access=subscription}}</ref>