Editing Jane Jacobs (section)

== Career ==
After attending Columbia University's School of General Studies for two years, Butzner found a job at ''Iron Age'' magazine. Her 1943 article on economic decline in Scranton was well publicized and led the [[Murray Corporation of America]] to locate a warplane factory there. Encouraged by this success, Butzner petitioned the [[War Production Board]] to support more operations in Scranton.{{sfn|Flint|2009|p=10}} Experiencing job discrimination at ''Iron Age'', she also advocated for [[equal pay for women]] and for the right of workers to unionize.{{sfn|Flint|2009|p=11}}

=== ''Amerika'' ===
She became a feature writer for the [[Office of War Information]] and then a reporter for ''[[Amerika (magazine)|Amerika]]'', a publication of the [[United States Department of State|US State Department]] in the Russian language.<ref>{{cite journal|url=https://www.academia.edu/708496|title=The Unknown Jane Jacobs|journal=Reconsidering Jane Jacobs|first=Peter L.|last=Laurence|year=2011|editor-last1=Page|editor-first1=Max |editor-first2=Tim|editor-last2=Mennel |location=Chicago |publisher=APA Planners Press |isbn=978-1-932364-95-8 |access-date=5 May 2016}}</ref> While working there she met Robert Hyde Jacobs Jr., a Columbia-educated architect who was designing warplanes for [[Grumman]]. They married in 1944. Together they had a daughter, Burgin, and two sons, James and Ned. They bought a three-story building at 555 [[Hudson Street (Manhattan)|Hudson Street]]. Jane continued to write for ''Amerika'' after the war, while Robert left Grumman and resumed work as an architect.{{sfn|Alexiou|2006|pp=25–27}} The Jacobses rejected the rapidly growing [[suburbs]] as "parasitic", choosing to remain in Greenwich Village.{{sfn|Alexiou|2006|pp=29–30|ps=&nbsp; "The suburbs did not appeal to the Jacobs family. 'Suburbs are perfectly valid places to want to live, but they are inherently parasitic, economically and socially, too, because they live off the answers found in cities,' Jacobs told a reporter for ''Madmoiselle'' magazine in October 1962."}} They renovated their house, in the middle of a mixed residential and commercial area, and created a garden in the backyard.{{sfn|Flint|2009|p=14}}

Working for the State Department during the [[McCarthyism|McCarthy]] era, Jacobs received a questionnaire about her political beliefs and loyalties. Jacobs was anti-communist and had left the [[Federal Workers Union]] because of its apparent communist sympathies. Nevertheless, she was pro-union and purportedly appreciated the writing of [[Saul Alinsky]], and therefore she was under suspicion.{{sfn|Alexiou|2006|pp=30–31}}{{sfn|Flint|2009|p=16}} On 25 March 1952, Jacobs delivered her response to Conrad E. Snow, chairman of the Loyalty Security Board at the US Department of State. In her foreword to her answer, she said:

<blockquote>The other threat to the security of our tradition, I believe, lies at home. It is the current fear of radical ideas and of people who propound them. I do not agree with the extremists of either the left or the right, but I think they should be allowed to speak and to publish, both because they themselves have, and ought to have, rights, and once their rights are gone, the rights of the rest of us are hardly safe.{{sfn|Allen|1997|p=170}}</blockquote>

=== ''Architectural Forum'' ===
Jacobs left ''Amerika'' in 1952 when it announced its relocation to [[Washington, DC]].<ref name="academia.edu">{{cite journal|url=https://www.academia.edu/708475|title=The Death and Life of Urban Design: Jane Jacobs, the Rockefeller Foundation, and the New Research in Urbanism, 1955–1965|date=June 2006|journal=Journal of Urban Design|first=Peter L.|last=Laurence|pages=145–172|volume=11|issue=2|doi=10.1080/13574800600644001|s2cid=110512401}}</ref> She then found a well-paying job at ''[[Architectural Forum]]'', published by [[Henry Luce]] of [[Time Inc.]]{{sfn|Alexiou|2006|p=33}} She was hired as an associate editor. After early success in that position, Jacobs began to take assignments on urban planning and "[[urban blight]]".{{sfn|Alexiou|2006|p=34}} In 1954, she was assigned to cover the [[Society Hill]] development designed by [[Edmund Bacon (architect)|Edmund Bacon]]. Although her editors expected a positive story, Jacobs criticized Bacon's project, reacting against its lack of concern for the poor African Americans who were directly affected. When Bacon showed Jacobs examples of undeveloped and developed blocks, she determined that "development" seemed to end community life on the street.{{sfn|Alexiou|2006|pp=39–40|ps=&nbsp; {{"'}}I said, "Where are the people?" [Bacon] didn't answer. He only said, "They don't appreciate these things.{{"'}} At that moment, Jacobs realized that the high-rise projects that Bacon was so proud of had been designed with total disregard for its inhabitants."}}{{sfn|Flint|2009|pp=19–20}} When Jacobs returned to the offices of ''Architectural Forum'', she began to question the 1950s consensus on urban planning.{{sfn|Alexiou|2006|p=41|ps=&nbsp; "When Jacobs returned to New York from Philadelphia, she began arguing with her ''Architectural Forum'' editors. All the hyped new projects that planners and architects were building in the cities, she told them, bore no relation to what people actually needed."}}

In 1955, Jacobs met William Kirk, an Episcopal minister who worked in [[East Harlem]]. Kirk came to the ''Architectural Forum'' offices to describe the impact that "revitalization" had on East Harlem, and he introduced Jacobs to the neighborhood.{{sfn|Alexiou|2006|pp=43–49}}

In 1956, while standing in for [[Douglas Haskell]] of ''Architectural Forum'', Jacobs delivered a lecture at [[Harvard University]].<ref name="academia.edu" /> She addressed leading architects, urban planners, and intellectuals (including [[Lewis Mumford]]), speaking on the topic of East Harlem. She urged this audience to "respect – in the deepest sense – strips of chaos that have a weird wisdom of their own not yet encompassed in our concept of urban order". Contrary to her expectations, the talk was received with enthusiasm, but it also marked her as a threat to established urban planners, real estate owners, and developers.{{sfn|Flint|2009|pp=24–26}}{{sfn|Alexiou|2006|pp=57–59}} ''Architectural Forum'' printed the speech that year, along with photographs of East Harlem.{{sfn|Alexiou|2006|p=60}}

=== Rockefeller Foundation and ''Death and Life of Great American Cities'' ===
After reading her Harvard speech, [[William H. Whyte]] invited Jacobs to write an article for ''[[Fortune (magazine)|Fortune]]'' magazine. The resulting piece, "Downtown Is for People", appeared in a 1958 issue of ''Fortune'', and marked her first public criticism of [[Robert Moses]].{{sfn|Flint|2009|pp=26–27}} Her criticism of the [[Lincoln Center for the Performing Arts|Lincoln Center]] was not popular with supporters of urban renewal at ''Architectural Forum'' and ''Fortune''.{{sfn|Flint|2009|pp=27–28}} [[C.&nbsp;D. Jackson]], the publisher of ''Fortune'', was outraged and over the telephone, demanded of Whyte: "Who is this crazy dame?"{{sfn|Alexiou|2006|p=62}}{{sfn|Flint|2009|p=28}}
[[File:DeathAndLife.JPG|thumb|Cover of ''The Death and Life of Great American Cities'']]
The ''Fortune'' article brought Jacobs to the attention of Chadbourne Gilpatric, then associate director of the Humanities Division at the [[Rockefeller Foundation]].<ref name="academia.edu" /> The foundation had moved aggressively into urban topics, with a recent award to the [[Massachusetts Institute of Technology]] for studies of urban aesthetics that would culminate in the publication of [[Kevin A. Lynch]]'s ''Image of the City''.<ref name="academia.edu" /> In May 1958, Gilpatric invited Jacobs to begin serving as a reviewer for grant proposals.<ref name="academia.edu" /> Later that year, the [[Rockefeller Foundation]] awarded a grant to Jacobs to produce a critical study of city planning and urban life in the US. (From the mid-1950s to the mid-1960s, the foundation's Humanities Division sponsored an "Urban Design Studies" research program, of which Jacobs was the best known grantee.)<ref name="academia.edu" /> Gilpatric encouraged Jacobs to "explor[e] the field of [[urban design]] to look for ideas and actions which may improve thinking on how the design of cities might better serve urban life, including cultural and humane value."<ref name="academia.edu" /> Affiliating with [[The New School]] (then called The New School for Social Research), she spent three years conducting research and writing drafts. In 1961, Random House published the result: ''[[The Death and Life of Great American Cities]]''.

''The Death and Life of Great American Cities'' remains one of the most influential books in the history of American city planning.<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Gratz|first1=Roberta Brandes|title=The Genius of Jane Jacobs|journal=The Nation|date=4 July 1026|volume=303|issue=1|pages=16–17|url=https://www.thenation.com/article/the-genius-of-jane-jacobs-who-changed-the-way-we-think-about-cities/|access-date=27 June 2016}}</ref> She coined the terms "mixed primary uses", and "eyes on the street", which were adopted professionally in urban design, sociology, and many other fields.{{sfn|Alexiou|2006|p=76}} Jacobs painted a devastating picture of the profession of city planning, labeling it a [[pseudoscience]]. This angered the male-dominated urban planning profession. Jacobs was criticized with [[ad hominem]] attacks, being called a "militant dame" and a "housewife": an amateur who had no right to interfere with an established discipline.{{sfn|Alexiou|2006|pp=83–90}} One planner dismissed Jacobs's book as "bitter coffee-house rambling".  Robert Moses, sent a copy, called it "intemperate and also libelous&nbsp;... Sell this junk to someone else."<ref>{{cite web|title=The Woman Who Saved Our Cities|url= https://www.theattic.space/home-page-blogs/2019/12/6/the-woman-who-saved-our-cities |website=The Attic|date= 6 December 2019 |access-date=7 January 2020}}</ref>
Later, her book was criticized from the left for leaving out race and openly endorsing [[gentrification]], which Jacobs referred to as "unslumming".{{sfn|Alexiou|2006|pp=135–136}}

In 1962, she resigned her position at ''Architectural Forum'' to become a full-time author and concentrate on raising her children.{{sfn|Alexiou|2006|p=119}} In other political activities she became an [[Opposition to U.S. involvement in the Vietnam War|opponent of the Vietnam War]], [[National Mobilization Committee to End the War in Vietnam|marched on the Pentagon]] in October 1967,{{sfn|Alexiou|2006|p=149}} and criticized the construction of the [[World Trade Center (1973–2001)|World Trade Center]] as a disaster for Manhattan's waterfront.{{sfn|Alexiou|2006|p=78}}

=== Struggle for Greenwich Village ===
During the 1950s and 1960s, her home neighborhood of [[Greenwich Village]] was being transformed by city and state efforts to build housing (see, for example, Jacobs's 1961 fight to build the [[West Village Houses]] in lieu of large apartment houses), private developers, the expansion of [[New York University]], and by the [[urban renewal]] plans of [[Robert Moses]]. Moses' plan, funded as "slum clearance" by Title I of the [[Housing Act of 1949]], also called for several blocks to be razed and replaced with upscale high-rises. The plan forced 132 families out of their homes and displaced 1,000 small businesses{{snd}}the result was [[Washington Square Village]].{{sfn|Alexiou|2006|pp=50–52}}[[File:Washington Square Park 02.jpg|thumb|right|250px|Jacobs fought to prevent [[Washington Square Park]], pictured, from being demolished for a highway]]
As part of his efforts to revitalize the area, Moses had proposed the extension of Fifth Avenue through Washington Square Park in 1935. In the face of community opposition, Moses had shelved the project, but revived the idea in the 1950s. Moses argued that the Fifth Avenue extension would improve the flow of traffic through the neighborhood and provide access to the planned [[Lower Manhattan Expressway]] (LOMEX), which would connect the [[Manhattan Bridge]] and [[Williamsburg Bridge]] with the [[Holland Tunnel]].{{sfn|Flint|2009|p=65}}

In response, local activist Shirley Hayes created the "Committee to Save Washington Square Park", a coalition of dozens of local neighborhood groups that opposed the roadway extension. [[I. M. Rubinow|Raymond S. Rubinow]] eventually took over the organization, changing its name to the "Joint Emergency Committee to Close Washington Square to Traffic". Jacob—recruited to the cause by Gerard La Mountain, a local [[Catholic Church|Catholic]] priest whose church was in the path of the planned LOMEX route—had joined the committee under Hayes, but she took a more prominent role under Rubinow, reaching out to media outlets such as ''[[The Village Voice]]'', which provided more sympathetic coverage than ''[[The New York Times]]''.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Rorke |first=Robert |date=26 September 2016 |title=Meet the woman who took on Robert Moses and saved lower Manhattan |url=https://nypost.com/2016/09/26/meet-the-woman-who-saved-lower-manhattan/ |access-date=9 December 2023 |language=en-US}}</ref>{{sfn|Flint|2009|pp=83–84}} The committee gained the support of [[Margaret Mead]], [[Eleanor Roosevelt]], [[Lewis Mumford]], [[Charles Abrams]], and [[William H. Whyte]], as well as [[Carmine De Sapio]], a Greenwich Village resident and influential Democratic leader. De Sapio's involvement proved decisive.{{sfn|Flint|2009|p=86}} On 25 June 1958, the city closed Washington Square Park to traffic, and the joint committee held a ribbon tying (not cutting) ceremony.{{sfn|Flint|2009|p=85}}

Plans for LOMEX expressway continued despite growing community opposition in areas such as Little Italy. In the 1960s, Jacobs chaired the [[Joint Committee to Stop the Lower Manhattan Expressway]]. ''The New York Times'' was sympathetic to Moses, while ''The Village Voice'' covered community rallies and advocated against the expressway.{{sfn|Flint|2009|pp=83–84}} Jacobs continued to fight the expressway when plans resurfaced in 1962, 1965, and 1968, and she became a local hero for her opposition to the project.{{sfn|Alexiou|2006|p=117}} She was arrested by a plainclothes police officer on 10 April 1968, at a public hearing during which the crowd had charged the stage and destroyed the stenographer's notes.{{sfn|Flint|2009|p=xiv}} She was accused of inciting a riot, criminal mischief, and obstructing public administration. After months of trials conducted in New York City (to which Jacobs commuted from Toronto), her charge was reduced to disorderly conduct.<ref name="DMartin" /><ref>{{cite news|first=Clark|last=Whelton|url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=-eVLAAAAIBAJ&dq=jane%20jacobs%20rioting&pg=5330%2C4292333|title=Won't you come home, Jane Jacobs?|newspaper=The Village Voice|date=6 July 1974|pages=1, 24}}</ref>

''[[New York: A Documentary Film]]'' devoted an hour of the eight-part, seventeen-and-a-half-hour series to the battle between Moses and Jacobs.<ref>''American Experience: New York''. Disc 7; [https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/amex/newyork/peopleevents/e_ideal.html People & Events: The Planning Debate in New York, 1955–1975] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091208094245/http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/amex/newyork/peopleevents/e_ideal.html |date=8 December 2009 }}, PBS film description.</ref> [[Robert Caro]]'s biography of Moses, ''[[The Power Broker]]'', gives only passing mention to this event, however, despite Jacobs's strong influence on Caro.<ref>Caro, Robert. [http://www.rockfound.org/efforts/jacobs/090808caro_transcript.pdf Remarks at the presentation of the 2008 Jane Jacobs Medal] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090521035033/http://www.rockfound.org/efforts/jacobs/090808caro_transcript.pdf |date=21 May 2009 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web | last=Fernandez | first=Manny | url=https://cityroom.blogs.nytimes.com/2008/09/09/caro-speaks-to-the-spirit-of-jane-jacobs/ | title=Caro Speaks to the Spirit of Jane Jacobs | work=[[The New York Times]] | date=9 September 2008 | access-date=2 April 2020}}</ref> In 2017, Caro told an interviewer about the difficulty in cutting more than 300,000 words from his initial manuscript: "The section that I wrote on Jane Jacobs disappeared. To this day, when someone says: 'There's hardly a mention of Jane Jacobs,' I think, 'But I wrote a lot about her.' Every time I'm asked about that, I have this sick feeling."<ref>{{cite interview | url=https://www.nybooks.com/daily/2018/01/16/studies-in-power-an-interview-with-robert-caro/ | title='Studies in Power': An Interview with Robert Caro | first=Robert | last=Caro | interviewer=[[Claudia Dreifus]] | date=16 January 2018 | work=[[The New York Review of Books]] | access-date=2 April 2020}}</ref>