Editing Japanese macaque (section)

=== Group structure ===
[[File:Macaca fuscata, grooming, Iwatayama, 20090201.jpg|thumb|Japanese macaques grooming]]
Japanese macaques live in [[matrilineal]] societies,<ref name=Fooden2005/> and females stay in their natal groups for life, while males move out before they are sexually mature.<ref name=Fukuda2004/> Macaque groups tend to contain adults of both sexes. In addition, a Japanese macaque troop contains several matrilines. These matrilines may exist in a dominance hierarchy with all members of a specific group ranking over members of a lower-ranking group.<ref name=Koyama1967>{{cite journal |last1=Koyama |first1=Naoki |title=On dominance rank and kinship of a wild Japanese monkey troop in Arashiyama |journal=Primates |date=1967 |volume=8 |issue=3 |pages=189–216 |doi=10.1007/BF01731037|s2cid=34818469 }}</ref> Temporary all-male groups also exist, composed of those who have recently left their natal groups and are about to transfer to another group.<ref name=Fooden2005/> However, many males spend ample time away from any group,<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Sugiyama |first1=Yukimaru |title=Life history of male Japanese monkeys |journal=Advances in the Study of Behavior |date=1976 |volume=7 |pages=255–284 |doi=10.1016/S0065-3454(08)60169-2|isbn=9780120045075 }}</ref> and may leave and join several groups.<ref name=Fooden2005/>

[[File:Snow Monkeys, Nagano, Japan.JPG|thumb|alt=Japanese Macaques bathing in hot springs near Nagano, Japan.|Japanese macaques at [[Jigokudani Monkey Park|Jigokudani]] Hotspring in [[Nagano, Nagano|Nagano]] have become notable for their winter visits to the spa]]
[[File:Jigokudani Monkey Park - hotsprings.ogv|alt=(video) A few monkeys bathe in the hot springs.|thumb|[[Jigokudani Monkey Park|Jigokudani]]]]
Females of the troop exist in a stable dominance hierarchy and a female's rank depends on that of her mother. Younger females tend to rank higher than their older siblings.<ref name=Koyama1967/><ref>Takahata Y. "Diachronic changes in the dominance relations of adult female Japanese monkeys of the Arashiyama B group". In: Fedigan LM& Asquith PJ, editors. ''The monkeys of Arashiyama: Thirty-five years of research in Japan and the west''. Albany(NY): SUNY Pr. p123-39.</ref> Higher-ranking matrilines have greater social cohesion.<ref>Koyama NF. (2003) "Matrilineal cohesion and social networks in ''Macaca fuscata''". ''Int J Primatol'' 24(4):797-811.</ref> Strong relationships with dominant females can allow dominant males to retain their rank when they otherwise would not.<ref name="Nakamichi1995"/> Males within a group normally<ref>{{Cite news|last=Roth|first=Annie|date=2022-01-21|title=Japan's Monkey Queen Faces Challenge to Her Reign: Mating Season|language=en-US|work=The New York Times|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2022/01/21/science/japanese-macaque-monkey-alpha-female.html|access-date=2022-01-21|issn=0362-4331}}</ref> have a dominance hierarchy, with one male having alpha status. The dominance status of male macaques usually changes when a former alpha male leaves or dies.<ref name=Sprague1996>Sprague DS, Suzuki S, Tsukahara T. (1996) "Variation in social mechanisms by which males attained the alpha rank among Japanese macaques". In: Fa JE, Lindburg DG, editors. ''Evolution and ecology of macaque societies''. Cambridge (UK): Cambridge U Pr. p 444–58.</ref> Other ways in which status of male hierarchy changes, is when an alpha male loses his rank or when a troop splits, leaving a new alpha male position open.<ref name=Sprague1996/> The longer a male is in a troop, the higher his status is likely to be.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Takahashi |first1=Hiroyuki |title=Changes of dominance rank, age, and tenure of wild Japanese macaque males in the Kinkazan A troop during seven years |journal=Primates |date=2002 |volume=43 |issue=2 |pages=133–138 |doi=10.1007/BF02629673 |pmid=12082302|s2cid=26519477 }}</ref>

Females typically maintain both social relationships and hygiene through grooming. Grooming occurs regardless of climate or season.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Ventura |first1=Raffaella |last2=Majolo |first2=Bonaventura |last3=Schino |first3=Gabriele |last4=Hardie |first4=Scott |title=Differential effects of ambient temperature and humidity on allogrooming, self-grooming, and scratching in wild Japanese macaques |journal=American Journal of Physical Anthropology |date=2005 |volume=126 |issue=4 |pages=453–457 |doi=10.1002/ajpa.20125 |pmid=15386284}}</ref> Females who are matrilineally related groom each other more often than unrelated individuals.<ref>Koyama N. (1991) "Grooming relationships in the Arashiyama group of Japanese monkeys". In: Fedigan LM, Asquith PJ, editors. ''The monkeys of Arashiyama: thirty-five years of research in Japan and the west''. Albany (NY): SUNY Pr. p211-26.</ref> Females will groom unrelated females to maintain group cohesion and social relationships between different kinships in a troop.<ref name=Nakamichi2003>{{cite journal |last1=Nakamichi |first1=Masayuki |last2=Shizawa |first2=Yasuhiro |title=Distribution of grooming among adult females in a large, free-ranging group of Japanese macaques |journal=International Journal of Primatology |date=2003 |volume=24 |issue=3 |pages=607–625 |doi=10.1023/A:1023744515134|s2cid=22224829 }}</ref> Nevertheless, a female will only groom a limited number of other females, even if the group expands.<ref name=Nakamichi2003/> Females will groom males, usually for hygienic purposes, but that behavior also may serve to attract dominant males to the group.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Tsukahara |first1=Takahiro |title=Initiation and solicitation in male-female grooming in a wild Japanese macaque troop on Yakushima island |journal=Primates |date=1990 |volume=31 |issue=2 |pages=147–156 |doi=10.1007/BF02380937|s2cid=37662395 }}</ref> Mothers pass their grooming techniques to their offspring, most probably through social rather than genetic means,<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Tanaka |first1=Ichirou |title=Matrilineal distribution of louse egg-handling techniques during grooming in free-ranging Japanese macaques |journal=American Journal of Physical Anthropology |date=1995 |volume=98 |issue=2 |pages=197–201 |doi=10.1002/ajpa.1330980208 |pmid=8644879}}</ref> as a cultural characteristic.

==== Documented female troop leadership ====
[[Yakei (Japanese macaque)|Yakei]] is a female who rose to leadership of her troop at [[Takasakiyama Natural Zoological Garden]] in 2021. Her troop consists of 677 Japanese macaque monkeys who live in a sanctuary that was established in 1952 at the zoological garden. At age nine, she overthrew the dominant males in her troop and displaced her high-ranking mother as well. She became the first female leader of the troop during its recorded history of seventy years.<ref>Tumin, Remy, ''[https://www.nytimes.com/2022/01/21/science/japanese-macaque-monkey-alpha-female.html If you like sports, soap operas or primatology, this story is for you]'', Evening Briefing, The New York Times, January 21, 2022</ref> Yakei has retained her leadership position through her first breeding season that had been thought to be a time when she might have been challenged successfully.<ref>Wartik, Nancy; Wolfe, Jonathan, ''[https://messaging-custom-newsletters.nytimes.com/template/oakv2?campaign_id=57&emc=edit_ne_20220407&instance_id=57892&nl=evening-briefing&productCode=NE&regi_id=68634180&segment_id=87820&te=1&uri=nyt%3A%2F%2Fnewsletter%2Ffa572959-654d-5f25-968e-b018583f4c0d&user_id=7ba9d4f960a15368a47b9c698678ed2e The rein of Japan’s monkey queen has just begun]'', Evening Briefing, Number 8, The New York Times, Thursday, April 7, 2022</ref> Both scientific and popular interest is leading to extensive coverage of Yakei's behavior.