Editing Java Man (section)

===Trinil fossils===
{{multiple image
|align = right
|total_width=420
|image1 = The most ancient skeletal remains of man 1.png
|caption1 = [[Eugène Dubois]]'s [[stratigraphic section]] of the site where he found Java Man. The femur and skullcap appear at level D between a "[[lapilli]]" stratum (C) and a "[[conglomerate (geology)|conglomerate]]" (E).
|image2 = Pithecanthropus-erectus.jpg
|caption2 = The three main fossils of Java Man found in 1891–92: a [[calvaria (skull)|skullcap]], a [[molar (tooth)|molar]], and a [[femur|thighbone]], each seen from two different angles.
}}

In October 1887, Dubois abandoned his academic career and left for the [[Dutch East Indies]] (present-day [[Indonesia]]) to look for the fossilized ancestor of modern man.{{sfnm|1a1=Swisher|1a2=Curtis|1a3=Lewin|1y=2000|1p=58|2a1=de Vos|2y=2004|2p=270}} Having received no funding from the Dutch government for his eccentric endeavor{{spaced ndash}}since no one at the time had ever found an early human fossil while looking for it{{spaced ndash}}he joined the Dutch East Indies Army as a military surgeon.{{sfn|Swisher|Curtis|Lewin|2000|p=59 ["unorthodox" venture; was refused government funding; hired as medical officer] and 61 ["he was the first person to set out on a deliberate search for fossils of human ancestors"]}} Because of his work duties, it was only in July 1888 that he began to [[excavation (archaeology)|excavate]] caves in [[Sumatra]].{{sfn|Swisher|Curtis|Lewin|2000|p=61}} Having quickly found abundant fossils of large mammals, Dubois was relieved of his military duties (March 1889), and the colonial government assigned two engineers and fifty convicts to help him with his excavations.{{sfn|Swisher|Curtis|Lewin|2000|pp=61–62}} After he failed to find the fossils he was looking for on Sumatra, he moved on to Java in 1890.{{sfn|Theunissen|1989|pp=41–43}}

Again assisted by convict laborers and two army corporals, Dubois began searching along the [[Solo River]] near [[Trinil]] in August 1891.<ref name="EB">{{cite encyclopedia|title=Java Man (extinct hominid) |encyclopedia=Encyclopædia Britannica |publisher=britannica.com |url= http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/301721/Java-man |access-date=2013-06-05}}</ref> His team soon excavated a [[molar (tooth)|molar]] (Trinil 1) and a [[calvaria (skull)|skullcap]] (Trinil 2). Its characteristics were a long [[Human cranium|cranium]] with a [[sagittal keel]] and heavy browridge. Dubois first gave them the name ''[[Anthropopithecus]]'' ("man-ape"), as the chimpanzee was sometimes known at the time. He chose this name because a similar tooth found in the [[Siwalik Hills]] in India in 1878 had been named ''Anthropopithecus'', and because Dubois first assessed the cranium to have been about {{convert|700|cm3}}, closer to apes than to humans.

In August 1892, a year later, Dubois's team found a long [[femur]] (thighbone) shaped like a human one, suggesting that its owner had stood upright. The femur bone was found 50 feet (approx. 15 meters) from the original find one year earlier. Believing that the three fossils belonged to a single individual, "probably a very aged female", Dubois renamed the specimen ''Anthropopithecus erectus''.{{sfnm|1a1=de Vos|1y=2004|1p=272 [citation from an assessment Dubois made in 1893]|2a1=Swisher|2a2=Curtis|2a3=Lewin|2y=2000|2p=61 [name ''Anthropopithecus'']}} Only in late 1892, when he determined that the cranium measured about {{convert|900|cm3}}, did Dubois consider that his specimen was a [[transitional fossil|transitional form]] between apes and humans.{{sfn|Swisher|Curtis|Lewin|2000|p=67}} In 1894,<ref>Mai, Larry L., Marcus Young Owl, M. Patricia Kersting. [http://www.ured-douala.com/download/The_Cambridge_Dictionary_of_Human_Biology_And_Evolution.pdf ''The Cambridge Dictionary of Human Biology and Evolution''], Cambridge University Press 2005, p. 30</ref> he thus renamed it ''Pithecanthropus erectus'' ("upright ape-man"), borrowing the genus name ''[[Pithecanthropus]]'' from [[Ernst Haeckel]], who had coined it a few years earlier to refer to a supposed "missing link" between apes and humans.{{sfn|Swisher|Curtis|Lewin|2000|pp=66–7}} This specimen has also been known as Pithecanthropus 1.<ref>{{cite web| title=Images of Trinil 2 |url= http://humanorigins.si.edu/evidence/human-fossils/fossils/trinil-2 | access-date=2013-02-08|date= 2010-01-25 }}</ref>