Editing Jaws 2 (section)

==Production==

===Development and writing===
Universal wanted a sequel to ''Jaws'' early into the success of the original film.<ref name="makingof"/> Producers [[David Brown (producer)|David Brown]] and [[Richard D. Zanuck]] realized that someone else would produce the film if they did not, and preferred to be in charge of the project themselves.<ref name="kach74"/>

In October 1975, [[Steven Spielberg]] told the [[San Francisco Film Festival]] that "making a sequel to anything is just a cheap carny trick" and that he did not even respond to the producers when they asked him to direct ''Jaws 2''. He claimed that the planned plot was to involve the sons of Quint and Brody hunting a new shark.<ref name="Ref_">{{harvnb|Baxter|1997|p=145}}</ref> Brown said that Spielberg did not want to direct the sequel because he felt that he had done the "definitive shark movie".<ref name="makingof"/><ref name="Priggé8">{{harvnb|Priggé|2004|p=8}}</ref> The director later added that his decision was influenced by the problems the ''Jaws'' production faced – "I would have done the sequel if I hadn't had such a horrible time at sea on the first film."<ref>{{cite magazine|url=http://popwatch.ew.com/2011/06/08/steven-spielberg-jaws-interview/|title=Steven Spielberg talks about 'Jaws' – the greatest summer movie ever made|first=Chris|last=Nashawaty|date=2011-06-08|magazine=Entertainment Weekly|access-date=2012-01-02}}</ref>

Despite Spielberg's rejection, the studio went ahead with plans to make the sequel, leading to an arduous 18-month pre-production process. [[Howard Sackler]], who had contributed to the first film's script but chose not to be credited, was charged with writing the first draft. He originally proposed a [[prequel]] based on the sinking of the [[USS Indianapolis (CA-35)|USS ''Indianapolis'']], the story relayed by [[Quint (Jaws character)|Quint]] in the first film. Although Universal president [[Sidney Sheinberg]] thought Sackler's [[Film treatment|treatment]] for the film was intriguing, he rejected the idea.<ref name="Ref_a">{{harvnb|Loynd|1978|pp=24–5}}</ref> On Sackler's recommendation, theatre and film director [[John D. Hancock]] was chosen to helm the picture.<ref name="Ref_b">{{harvnb|Loynd|1978|p=27}}</ref>

Hancock began filming in June 1977. However, after nearly a month of filming, Universal and MCA executives disliked the dark, subtle tone that the film was taking and wanted a more lighthearted and action-oriented story. Additionally, Hancock ran into trouble with Sheinberg, who suggested to Hancock and Tristan that his (Sheinberg's) wife, actress [[Lorraine Gary]] (Ellen Brody), "should go out on a boat and help to rescue the kids." When told of the idea, Zanuck replied, "Over my dead body." The next draft of the film's screenplay was turned in with Gary not going out to sea. Hancock says that this, and his later firing of another actress who turned out to be a Universal executive's girlfriend, contributed to his own dismissal from the film.<ref name="luke">{{harvnb|Ford|2004|p=191}}</ref>

Hancock began to feel the pressure of directing his first epic adventure film "with only three film credits, and all small-scale dramas".<ref name="Ref_c">{{harvnb|Loynd|1978|p=66}}</ref> The producers were unhappy with his material, and on a Saturday evening in June 1977, after a meeting with the producers and Universal executives, the director was fired. He and his wife left for [[Rome]] and production was shut down for a few weeks. The couple had been involved in the film for eighteen months.<ref name="Ref_d">{{harvnb|Loynd|1978|p=70}}</ref> Hancock blamed his departure on the mechanical shark, telling a newspaper that it still could not swim or bite after a year and a half: "You get a couple of shots, and [the shark] breaks."<ref name="kach78">{{harvnb|Kachmar|2002|p=78}}</ref> Echoing the first film's production, [[Carl Gottlieb]] was enlisted to further revise the script, adding humor and reducing some of the violence.<ref name="Ref_e">{{harvnb|Loynd|1978|pp=36–7}}</ref> Gottlieb wrote on location at [[Fort Walton Beach, Florida]].<ref name="Gottlieb221">{{harvnb|Gottlieb|2010|p=221}}</ref> It cost the producers more money to hire Gottlieb to do the rewrite than it would have if they had hired him in the first place.<ref name="Ref_e"/>

At this point, Spielberg considered returning to direct the sequel. Over the [[United States Bicentennial|Bicentennial weekend]] in 1976, Spielberg had hammered out a screenplay based on Quint's ''Indianapolis'' speech. Because of his contract for ''[[Close Encounters of the Third Kind]]'', however, Spielberg would not be able to work on the film for a further year and the producers could not wait for him to be free.<ref name="Ref_f">{{harvnb|Loynd|1978|p=73}}</ref> Production designer [[Joe Alves]] (who would direct ''[[Jaws 3-D]]'') and [[Verna Fields]] (who had been promoted to vice-president at Universal after her acclaimed editing on the first film) proposed that they co-direct it.<ref name="makingof"/><ref name="Ref_g">{{harvnb|Loynd|1978|p=74}}</ref> The request was declined by the [[Directors Guild of America]],<ref name="Ref_h">{{harvnb|Rosenfield|1982|p=1}}</ref> partly because they would not allow a DGA member to be replaced by someone who was not one of its members, and partly because they, in the wake of events on the set of ''[[The Outlaw Josey Wales]]'', had instituted a ban on any cast or crew members taking over as director during a film's production. The reins were eventually handed to [[Jeannot Szwarc]], best known for the film ''[[Bug (1975 film)|Bug]]'' and whom Alves knew from working on the TV series ''[[Night Gallery]]''.<ref name="Ref_i">{{harvnb|Loynd|1978|pp=75–6}}</ref> Szwarc recommenced production by filming the complicated water skier scene, giving Gottlieb some time to complete the script.<ref name="makingof"/> He reinstated the character of Deputy Hendricks, played by [[Jeffrey Kramer]], who had been missing from the earlier script.<ref name="makingof"/> Many of the teenagers were sacked, with the remaining roles developed.<ref name="Ref_j">''Jaws 2: A Portrait by Actor Keith Gordon'', ''Jaws 2'' DVD, Written, directed and produced by Laurent Bouzereau</ref>

Three new mechanical sharks were constructed for the film. The first was the "platform shark", also referred to as the "luxurious shark". Special mechanical effects supervisor [[Robert Mattey]] and [[Roy Arbogast]] used the same body mold used for the shark in the first film.<ref name="makingof"/> The production had planned to refurbish and utilize the sharks from the original film, but it was discovered they had rusted and rotted away after having been stored behind sheds on the lower lot of Universal Studios in the intervening years. The only pieces that were salvageable were the bare frames, made from chromoly tubing. Mattey's design was much more complicated and ambitious than the first film. The same (male) body was used, but a brand new head was made by sculptor Chris Mueller which made use of an all-new mouth mechanism, one which incorporated jowls to disguise the pinching of the cheeks that had proven to be a problem with the shark in the original film. The sharks for ''Jaws 2'' were known as ''Bruce Two'' (the sharks for the original film had been nicknamed "Bruce", after Spielberg's lawyer), but on set they were referred to as "Fidel" and "Harold", the latter after David Brown's Beverly Hills lawyer.<ref name="kach77">{{harvnb|Kachmar|2002|p=77}}</ref>  The other shark props used were a fin and a full shark, both of which could be pulled by boats. "Cable Junction", the island shown in the film's climax, was actually a floating barge covered with fiber-glass rocks. This was created in order to enable the shark platform to be positioned to it as close as possible (a real island would have hindered this due to the upward slope of the seabed making the shark platform visible). Like the first film, footage of real sharks filmed by Australian divers [[Ron Taylor (diver)|Ron]] and [[Valerie Taylor (diver)|Valerie Taylor]] was used for movement shots that could not be convincingly achieved using the mechanical sharks.<ref name="makingof"/>

Although the first film was commended for leaving the shark to the imagination until two thirds of the way through, Szwarc felt that they should show it as much as possible because the dramatic "first image of it coming out of the water" in the first film could never be repeated. Szwarc believed that the reduction of the first film's [[Alfred Hitchcock|Hitchcockian]] suspense was inevitable because the audience already knew what the shark looked like from the first film. Reviewers have since commented that there was no way that they were ever going to duplicate the original's effectiveness. The filmmakers gave the new shark a more menacing look by scarring it in the early boat explosion.<ref name="makingof"/>

Like the previous film, filming on the ocean proved challenging. Scheider said that they were "always contending with tides, surf and winds ... jellyfish, sharks, waterspouts and hurricane warnings."<ref name="kach77"/> After spending hours anchoring the sailboats, the wind would change as they were ready to shoot, blowing the sails in the wrong direction. As in the first film, the saltwater's corrosive effect damaged the metal parts in the mechanical sharks, and some other equipment.<ref name="kach77"/>

[[Susan Ford]], daughter of U.S. President [[Gerald Ford]], was hired to shoot publicity photographs.<ref name="kach76">{{harvnb|Kachmar|2002|p=76}}</ref> Many of these photos appeared in Ray Loynd's ''Jaws 2 Log'', which documented the film's production, similar to the ''Jaws Log'', a best-selling book written by Carl Gottlieb covering production of the first film.

===Location===
[[Martha's Vineyard]] was again used as the location for the town scenes and [[Emerald Coast]] was included on this film.<ref>{{cite news |last=Allen |first=Betty Archer |title=GB teens helped keep 'Jaws 2' water scenes moving |url=https://news.gulfbreezenews.com/articles/gb-teens-helped-keep-jaws-2-water-scenes-moving/ |date=August 21, 2008 |access-date=January 17, 2018 |newspaper=Gulf Breeze News}}</ref> Although some residents guarded their privacy, many islanders welcomed the money that the company was bringing.<ref name="Ref_k">{{harvnb|Loynd|1978|pp=60–2}}</ref> Shortly after the production arrived in June 1977, local newspaper the ''Grapevine'' wrote:

{{blockquote|The ''Jaws'' people are back among us, more efficient, more organized and more moneyed. Gone are the happy-go-lucky days of the first ''Jaws'', where the big trucks roved about the Island from day to day, always highly visible with miles of cables snaking here and there over roads and lawns. Gone are the acrimonious wrangles and Select persons over noise and zoning regulations and this and that. What is still here is money—about $2&nbsp;million of it.<ref name="Ref_l">{{harvnb|Loynd|1978|p=62}}</ref>}}

Many residents enjoyed being cast as extras. Some people, however, were less pleased by the film crew's presence and refused to cooperate. Only one drugstore allowed its windows to be boarded up for the moody look that Hancock wanted. "Universal Go Home" T-shirts began appearing on the streets in mid-June 1977.<ref name="Ref_m">{{harvnb|Loynd|1978|p=64}}</ref>

[[File:Navarre Beach Florida sand.jpg|thumb|right|The majority of filming was at [[Navarre Beach, Florida|Navarre Beach]] in [[Florida]]]]
When Szwarc took over, the majority of the film was shot at [[Navarre Beach, Florida|Navarre Beach]] in [[Florida]], because the weather was warm and the water was deep enough for the shark platform. The company was at this location from August 1 until December 22, 1977.<ref name="makingof"/> The production "was a boost to the local economy because local boaters, extras and stand-ins or doubles were hired. Universal brought in actors, directors, producers and their wives, camera and crew people who needed housing, food and clothing for the movie. Services were needed for laundry, dry-cleaning and recreation." Navarre's Holiday Inn "Holidome" was used as the film's headquarters, with the ground floor converted into production offices, and some of the Gulf-front suites remodeled for David Brown and Roy Scheider. Universal rented 100 of the hotel's 200 rooms, spending $1 million. The Holiday Inn was destroyed in the [[2004 Atlantic hurricane season]].<ref name="gbn1">{{Citation |first=Betty Archer |last=Allen |work=Gulf Breeze News |title=30 years later, Gulf Breeze still recalls 'Jaws 2' excitement |url=http://www.gulfbreezenews.com/news/2008/0807/Front_Page/002.html |date=August 7, 2008 |access-date=2009-09-20 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080825010823/http://www.gulfbreezenews.com/news/2008/0807/Front_Page/002.html |archive-date=August 25, 2008 |df=mdy-all }}</ref> Boats and parts for their maintenance were purchased from local businesses. One proprietor said that he sold "Universal approximately $400,000 worth of boats and equipment".<ref name="gbn4">{{Citation |first=Betty Archer |last=Allen |work=Gulf Breeze News |title=Fade to black: Alas, 'Jaws 2' comes to an end |url=http://www.gulfbreezenews.com/news/2008/0828/front_page/004.html |date=August 28, 2008 |access-date=2009-09-20 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://archive.today/20130125093715/http://www.gulfbreezenews.com/news/2008/0828/front_page/004.html |archive-date=January 25, 2013 |df=mdy-all }}</ref>

On one occasion, the Cable Junction Island set, which was built on a barge, broke loose from its anchorage and had to be rescued. Szwarc was contacted one night and told that his island was drifting towards [[Cuba]].<ref name="makingof"/> Real [[hammerhead shark]]s circled the teen actors during the filming of one shot. Because the characters they were playing were meant to be in distress, the crew (filming from a distance) did not realize that the actors were genuinely calling for help.<ref name="Ref_n">Gilpin, Marc [http://www.sharkisstillworking.com/video/viewer.asp?v=gilpin.mov interviewed] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070926022047/http://www.sharkisstillworking.com/video/viewer.asp?v=gilpin.mov |date=September 26, 2007 }} for ''[[The Shark is Still Working]]'' documentary. Retrieved 7 January 2007.</ref>

The interior shots of the teen hang-out where they play [[pinball]] were filmed in the original location of the Hog's Breath Saloon on [[Okaloosa Island]]. This restaurant later relocated to [[Destin, Florida]] as its original building was susceptible to hurricane damage.<ref name="gbn1"/> The production company had to seek dredge and fill permits from [[Florida]]'s Department of Environmental Regulation to sink the revised platform that controlled the shark on the sea bottom.

Principal photography ended three days before Christmas 1977, on the [[Choctawhatchee Bay]], near Destin, Florida.<ref name="kach78"/> The actors had to put ice cubes in their mouths to prevent their breath showing on camera. The final sequence to be filmed was the shark being electrocuted on the cable.<ref name="makingof"/> In mid-January, the crew reconvened in Hollywood with some of the teenage actors for five weeks of post-production photography.<ref name="kach78"/>

''Jaws 2'' cost $30 million to produce, over three times more than the original. David Brown says that they did not budget the film "because Universal would never have given a green light to a $30 million budget in those days."<ref name="Priggé8"/> The Marine Division Head for Universal on location, Philip Kingry, says that "It cost approximately $80,000 per day to make that movie." When Kingry asked Brown what his budget was, the producer responded, "We're not wasteful, but we're spending the profit from ''Jaws'', and it will take what it takes."<ref name="gbn4"/>

===Casting===
[[Roy Scheider]] reluctantly returned to reprise his role as Martin Brody. In 1977, he had quit the role of Michael Vronsky in ''[[The Deer Hunter]]'' two weeks before the start of filming because of "creative differences".<ref name="kach73">{{harvnb|Kachmar|2002|p=73}}</ref> Scheider was contracted to Universal at the time for a three-picture deal, but the studio offered to forgive his failure to fulfill his contractual obligation if he agreed to appear in ''Jaws 2''. The actor heavily resisted the film, claiming that there was nothing new to create and that people would be watching the film to see the shark, not him.<ref name="kach73"/> According to his biographer, Scheider was so desperate to be relieved from the role that he "pleaded insanity and went crazy in [[The Beverly Hills Hotel]]".<ref name="kach73"/> However, he was given an attractive financial package for appearing in ''Jaws 2''; he quadrupled his base salary from the first film, and negotiated points (a percentage of the film's net profits).<ref name="kach74">{{harvnb|Kachmar|2002|p=74}}</ref> ''The Star'' newspaper reported that Scheider received $500,000 for 12 weeks’ work, plus $35,000 for each additional week that the schedule ran over.<ref name="kach74"/>

Despite his reluctance, Scheider pledged to do the best job that he could, wanting to make Brody believable.<ref name="kach75">{{harvnb|Kachmar|2002|p=75}}</ref> Scheider is quoted in Ray Loynd's book ''The Jaws 2 Log'', saying, "When [[Conan Doyle]] wrote the first [[Sherlock Holmes]] and everyone screamed for more, I don’t think he felt like a professional hack. I see nothing wrong with bringing back a story that gives people a terrific time".<ref name="Ref_s">{{harvnb|Loynd|1978|p=13}}</ref>

The atmosphere was tense on the set, and Scheider often argued with Szwarc. On one occasion, Scheider complained (in front of extras) that Szwarc was wasting time with technical issues and the extras while ignoring the principal actors. A meeting was called with the two, David Brown and Verna Fields, in which Scheider and Szwarc were encouraged to settle their differences. The discussion became heated and a physical fight broke out, which Brown and Fields broke up.<ref name="kach76"/> The rift was also articulated in written correspondence. In a letter to Szwarc, Scheider wrote that "working with Jeannot Szwarc is knowing he will never say he is sorry or ever admitting he overlooked something. Well, enough of that shit for me!" He requested an apology from the director for not consulting him.<ref name="loynd103"/> Szwarc's reply focused upon completing the film to the "best possible" standard:

{{blockquote|Time and pressure are part of my reality and priorities something I must deal with.

You have been consulted and your suggestions made part of my scenes many times, whenever they did not contradict the overall concept of the picture.

If you have to be offended, I deplore it, for no offense was meant. At this point in the game, your feelings or my feelings are immaterial and irrelevant, the picture is all that matters.

Sincerely, Jeannot<ref name="Ref_o">{{harvnb|Loynd|1978|p=104}}</ref>}}

Many extras were recruited from [[Gulf Breeze High School]].<ref>{{cite news |last=Allen |first=Betty Archer |title=Henley's Honkers, Dolphin band lent Amity their sound |url=https://news.gulfbreezenews.com/articles/henleys-honkers-dolphin-band-lent-amity-their-sound/ |date=August 14, 2008 |access-date=January 17, 2018 |newspaper=Gulf Breeze News}}</ref> The students were paid $3 per hour, well above the minimum wage at the time ($2.30/hr), and reveled in being able to miss classes. Casting director Shari Rhodes requested members of the Gulf Breeze band perform as the Amity High School Band, seen in an early scene in the film showing the opening of the Holiday Inn Amity Shores "Amity Scholarship Fund Benefit". "The GBHS band consisted of approximately 100&nbsp;members, and band director John Henley chose&nbsp;28 student musicians, including the band's section known as Henley's Honkers." Universal scheduled their involvement for mid-afternoons to prevent their missing too much time in school. Universal made a contribution of $3,500 to the school and the band for their part in the film.<ref name="gbn2">{{Citation |first=Betty Archer |last=Allen |work=Gulf Breeze News |title=Henley's Honkers, Dolphin band lent Amity their sound |url=http://www.gulfbreezenews.com/news/2008/0814/front_page/004.html |date=August 14, 2008 |access-date=2009-09-20 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://archive.today/20130125175321/http://www.gulfbreezenews.com/news/2008/0814/front_page/004.html |archive-date=January 25, 2013 |df=mdy-all }}</ref> Several other GBHS students were hired as stand-ins or doubles for the teenage actors to appear in the water scenes and to maintain and sail the boats.<ref name="gbn3">{{Citation |first=Betty Archer |last=Allen |work=Gulf Breeze News |title=GB teens helped keep 'Jaws 2' water scenes moving |url=http://www.gulfbreezenews.com/news/2008/0821/front_page/005.html |date=August 21, 2008 |access-date=2009-09-20 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://archive.today/20130124213309/http://www.gulfbreezenews.com/news/2008/0821/front_page/005.html |archive-date=January 24, 2013 |df=mdy-all }}</ref> [[Richard Dreyfuss]], who played Matt Hooper in ''Jaws'', said he chose not to return in ''Jaws 2'' because Spielberg was not directing.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://hollywoodreporter.com/race/richard-dreyfuss-returns-hollywood-a-696500 | title=Richard Dreyfuss Returns to Hollywood for a Visit, But Not to Stay | work=The Hollywood Reporter | date=April 19, 2014 | access-date=September 28, 2016}}</ref>