Editing Jazz fusion (section)

===Miles Davis plugs in===
[[Miles Davis]] wrote in his autobiography that in 1968 he had been listening to [[Jimi Hendrix]], [[James Brown]], and [[Sly and the Family Stone]].<ref name="OxMilkowski" /> As members of Davis' band, [[Chick Corea]] and [[Herbie Hancock]] played electric piano on ''[[Filles de Kilimanjaro]]''. Davis's 1969 album ''[[In a Silent Way]]'' is considered his first fusion album.<ref name="Southall">Southall, Nick. [http://www.stylusmagazine.com/articles/on_second_thought/miles-davis-in-a-silent-way.htm Review: ''In a Silent Way''] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150710222208/http://www.stylusmagazine.com/articles/on_second_thought/miles-davis-in-a-silent-way.htm |date=July 10, 2015 }}. ''[[Stylus Magazine]]''. Retrieved on April 1, 2010.</ref> Composed of two side-long improvised suites edited heavily by Teo Macero, the album was made by pioneers of jazz fusion: Corea, Hancock, [[Tony Williams (drummer)|Tony Williams]], [[Wayne Shorter]], [[Joe Zawinul]] and [[John McLaughlin (musician)|John McLaughlin]]. When Davis recorded ''[[Bitches Brew]]'' in 1969, he mostly abandoned the swing beat in favor of a rock and roll backbeat and bass guitar grooves. The album "mixed free jazz blowing by a large ensemble with electronic keyboards and guitar, plus a dense mix of percussion".<ref>[http://www.jazzitude.com/essential_fusion.htm Jazzitude {{pipe}} History of Jazz Part 8: Fusion] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150114032732/http://www.jazzitude.com/essential_fusion.htm |date=January 14, 2015 }}</ref> Davis played his trumpet like an electric guitar—plugged in to electronic effects and pedals. By the end of the first year, ''Bitches Brew'' sold 400,000 copies, four times the average for a Miles Davis album.

[[File:Miles Davis 24.jpg|thumb|right|Trumpet player [[Miles Davis]] was a key figure in the development of fusion.]]

Although ''Bitches Brew'' gave him a [[Music recording sales certification|gold record]], the use of electric instruments and rock beats created consternation among some jazz critics, who accused Davis of betraying the essence of jazz.<ref name="considine">{{cite news |last1=Considine |first1=J.D. |title=Miles Davis, plugged in Review: The jazz legend's electric albums sparked controversy. |url=https://www.baltimoresun.com/1997/08/27/miles-davis-plugged-in-review-the-jazz-legends-electric-albums-sparked-controversy/ |access-date=November 10, 2018 |work=Baltimore Sun |date=August 27, 1997}}</ref> Music critic Kevin Fellezs commented that some members of the jazz community regarded rock music as less sophisticated and more commercial than jazz.<ref name="Briley">{{cite journal |jstor=43264136 |title=Review of Birds of Fire: Jazz, Rock, Funk, and the Creation of Fusion |first=Ron |last=Briley |journal=The History Teacher |date=May 2013 |volume=46 |issue=3 |pages=465–466}}</ref>  Over the next two years, the aloof Davis recorded more often, worked with many sidemen, appeared on television, and performed at rock venues. Just as quickly, Davis tested the loyalty of rock fans by continuing to experiment with rock, [[funk]], and electronic treatments. His producer, [[Teo Macero]], inserted previously recorded material into the [[Jack Johnson (album)|''Jack Johnson'' soundtrack]], ''[[Live-Evil (Miles Davis album)|Live-Evil]]'', and ''[[On the Corner]]''.<ref name="Gioia history">{{cite book |last1=Gioia |first1=Ted |title=The History of Jazz |date=2011 |publisher=Oxford University Press |location=New York |isbn=978-0-19-539970-7 |pages=[https://archive.org/details/historyofjazz00gioia/page/326 326–] |edition=2 |url=https://archive.org/details/historyofjazz00gioia/page/326 }}</ref> ''Jack Johnson'' (1971) has been cited as "the purest electric jazz record ever made" and "one of the most remarkable jazz rock discs of the era".<ref name="tribute">{{cite web |last1=Jurek |first1=Thom |title=A Tribute to Jack Johnson|url=https://www.allmusic.com/album/a-tribute-to-jack-johnson-mw0000311307 |website=AllMusic |access-date=July 24, 2018}}</ref><ref name="Fordham tribute">{{cite web |last1=Fordham |first1=John |title=Miles Davis, A Tribute to Jack Johnson |url=https://www.theguardian.com/music/2005/apr/01/jazz.shopping |website=The Guardian |access-date=July 24, 2018|date=April 1, 2005}}</ref>