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Jonathan Zittrain
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=== Internet filtering === Between 2001 and 2003 at Harvard's Berkman Center, Zittrain and Benjamin Edelman studied Internet filtering. The [[OpenNet Initiative]] (ONI) monitors [[Internet censorship]] by national governments. In their tests during 2002, when [[Google]] had indexed almost 2.5 billion pages, they found sites blocked, from approximately 100 in [[France]] and [[Germany]] to 2,000 in [[Saudi Arabia]], and 20,000 in the [[People's Republic of China]]. The authors published a statement of issues and a call for data that year.<ref>{{cite web |author1=Zittrain, Jonathan |author2=Edelman, Benjamin |title=Documentation of Internet Filtering Worldwide |date=October 24, 2003 |url=http://cyber.law.harvard.edu/filtering/ |access-date=2008-04-17}} and {{cite web |author1=Zittrain, Jonathan |author2=Edelman, Benjamin |title=Localized Google search result exclusions |date=October 26, 2002 |url=http://cyber.law.harvard.edu/filtering/google/ |access-date=2008-04-17}}</ref> Building on the work completed at the Berkman Center, ONI published special reports, case studies, and bulletins beginning in 2004,<ref>{{cite web |title=Reports |url=http://opennet.net/reports |publisher=The OpenNet Initiative |access-date=2008-04-17}}</ref> and as of 2008, offered research on filtering in 40 countries as well as by regions of the world.<ref>{{cite web |title=Research |url=http://opennet.net/research |publisher=The OpenNet Initiative |access-date=2008-04-17}}</ref> As of 2016, Zittrain remains a principal investigator at ONI, together with [[Ronald Deibert]] of the [[University of Toronto]], [[John Palfrey]], who was previously the executive director of the Berkman Center (now the head of School at Phillips Academy in Andover, Massachusetts<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://jpalfrey.andover.edu/ |title=John Palfrey | Head of School at Phillips Academy |access-date=2014-04-11 |archive-date=2014-04-07 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140407021432/http://jpalfrey.andover.edu/ |url-status=dead}}</ref>), and Rafal Rohozinski of the [[University of Cambridge]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://opennet.net/about |title=About ONI |publisher=The OpenNet Initiative |access-date=2016-07-10}}</ref> In 2001, Zittrain cofounded [[Chilling Effects (group)|Chilling Effects]] with his students and former students, including its creator and leader, [[Wendy Seltzer]]. It monitors cease and desist letters. Google directs its users to Chilling Effects when its search results have been altered at the request of a national government.<ref name=expo>{{cite web |title=Jonathan Zittrain |url=http://en.oreilly.com/webexsf2008/public/schedule/speaker/11436 |publisher=TechWeb and O'Reilly Media |access-date=2008-04-21 |archive-date=May 2, 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080502145919/http://en.oreilly.com/webexsf2008/public/schedule/speaker/11436 |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=About Us |url=http://www.chillingeffects.org/about |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20020603125141/http://chillingeffects.org/about |url-status=dead |archive-date=2002-06-03 |publisher=Chilling Effects |access-date=2008-11-30}}</ref> Since 2002, researchers have been using the clearinghouse (renamed "Lumen" in 2015) to study the use of cease-and-desist letters, primarily looking at [[Digital Millennium Copyright Act|DMCA]] 512 takedown notices, non-DMCA copyright, and trademark claims.<ref>J. Urban & L. Quilter, "Efficient Process or 'Chilling Effects'? Takedown Notices Under Section 512 of the Digital Millennium Copyright Act," ''Santa Clara Computer & High Technology Law Journal'' (March 2006)</ref><ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20051208013331/http://www.fepproject.org/policyreports/WillFairUseSurvive.pdf "Will Fair Use Survive? Free Expression in the Age of Copyright Control" (2005). ('''PDF''')] [[Free Expression Policy Project]]</ref>
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