Editing Julia Ward Howe (section)

==Career==
===Writing===
[[File:John Elliott - Julia Ward Howe - Google Art Project.jpg|thumb|Portrait of Julia Ward Howe, by [[John Elliott (artist)|John Elliott]], 1925]]
She attended lectures, studied foreign languages, and wrote plays and dramas. Prior to her marriage, Howe had published essays on [[Johann Wolfgang von Goethe|Goethe]], [[Friedrich Schiller|Schiller]] and [[Alphonse de Lamartine|Lamartine]] in the ''[[New York Review and Theological Review]]''.<ref name=VanB /> Her first volume of poetry, ''Passion-Flowers'' was published anonymously in 1853. The book collected personal poems and was written without the knowledge of her husband, who was then editing the [[Free Soil]] newspaper ''The Commonwealth''.<ref>Williams, Gary. ''Hungry Heart: The Literary Emergence of Julia Ward Howe''. Amherst: [[University of Massachusetts Press]], 1999: 134–135. {{ISBN|1-55849-157-0}}</ref> Her second anonymous collection, ''Words for the Hour'', appeared in 1857.<ref name=VanB /> She went on to write plays such as ''Leonora'', ''The World's Own'', and ''Hippolytus''.  These works all contained allusions to her stultifying marriage.<ref name=VanB />

Unpublished during her lifetime but certainly part of her twenty-first century legacy is a fragmentary novel, ''The Hermaphrodite,'' assembled from manuscript fragments in Harvard's Houghton Library by Gary Williams and published in 2004 by the University of Nebraska Press.

She went on trips including several for missions. In 1860, she published ''A Trip to Cuba'', which told of her 1859 trip. It had generated outrage from [[William Lloyd Garrison]], an abolitionist, for its derogatory view of Black people. Howe believed it was right to free the slaves but did not believe in racial equality.<ref>"JULIA WARD HOWE (1819–1910)." Slavery in the United States: A Social, Political, and Historical Encyclopedia. Santa Barbara: ABC-CLIO, 2007. Credo Reference. Web. November 14, 2013.</ref> Several letters on High Newport society were published in the ''[[New York Tribune]]'' in 1860, as well.<ref name=VanB />

Howe's being a published author troubled her husband greatly, especially due to the fact that her poems many times had to do with critiques of women's roles as wives, her own marriage, and women's place in society.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.womenofthehall.org/inductee/julia-ward-howe/|title=Julia Ward Howe – National Women's Hall of Fame|work=National Women's Hall of Fame|access-date=January 21, 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://ocp.hul.harvard.edu/ww/howe.html|title=Open Collections Program: Women Working, Julia Ward Howe (1819–1910)|work=Women Working, 1800 – 1930|publisher=Harvard University Library|access-date=January 21, 2014}}</ref> Their marriage problems escalated to the point where they separated in 1852. Samuel, when he became her husband, had also taken complete control of her estate income. Upon her husband's death in 1876, she found that through a series of bad investments, most of her money had been lost.<ref name="Julia Ward Howe Biography" />

Howe's writing and social activism were greatly shaped by her upbringing and married life. Much study has gone into her difficult marriage and how it influenced her work, both written and active.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Lepore |first1=Jill |title='The Civil Wars of Julia Ward Howe,' by Elaine Showalter |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2016/03/06/books/review/the-civil-wars-of-julia-ward-howe-by-elaine-showalter.html |work=The New York Times |access-date=August 27, 2020 |date=February 29, 2016}}</ref>

=== Politics ===
In the early 1870s, Howe was nominated by Massachusetts governor [[William Claflin]] as justice of the peace. However, there were uncertainties surrounding her appointment, as many believed women were not fit to hold office. In 1871, the [[Massachusetts Supreme Court]] made the decision that women could not hold any judicial offices without explicit authorization from the legislature, thereby nullifying Howe's appointment to justice of the peace. This led to activists petitioning for legislation allowing women to hold office, separate from legislating women's suffrage. Women's supporters believed that petitioning for officeholding before petitioning for a women's suffrage amendment would expedite women's involvement in politics.<ref name=":0">{{Cite journal|last=Katz|first=Elizabeth D.|date=July 30, 2021|title=Sex, Suffrage, and State Constitutional Law: Women's Legal Right to Hold Public Office |journal=Yale Journal of Law & Feminism |url=https://papers.ssrn.com/abstract=3896499|language=en|location=Rochester, NY|ssrn=3896499}}</ref>

===Social activism===
{{listen|filename=Battle Hymn of the Republic, Frank C. Stanley, Elise Stevenson.ogg|title=The Battle Hymn of the Republic|description="The Battle Hymn of the Republic", performed by [[Frank C. Stanley]], [[Elise Stevenson]], and a mixed quartet in 1908|format=[[Ogg]]|title2=The Battle Hymn of the Republic
|filename2=Battle Hymn of the Republic (USAFB).ogg
|description2="[[The Battle Hymn of the Republic]]", modern arrangement arranged by Eric Richards, performed by [[United States Air Force Band]] Airmen of Note
}}
She was inspired to write "[[The Battle Hymn of the Republic]]" after she and her husband visited Washington, D.C., and met [[Abraham Lincoln]] at the [[White House]] in {{nowrap|November 1861}}. During the trip, her friend [[James Freeman Clarke]] suggested she write new words to the song "[[John Brown's Body]]", which she did on November 19.<ref>Williams, Gary. ''Hungry Heart: The Literary Emergence of Julia Ward Howe''. Amherst: [[University of Massachusetts Press]], 1999: 208. {{ISBN|1-55849-157-0}}</ref> The song was set to [[William Steffe]]'s already existing music and Howe's version was first published in the ''[[The Atlantic|Atlantic Monthly]]'' in {{nowrap|February 1862}}. It quickly became one of the most popular songs of the [[Union (American Civil War)|Union]] during the [[American Civil War]].

Howe produced eleven issues of the literary magazine, ''Northern Lights'', in 1867. That same year she wrote about her travels to Europe in ''From the Oak to the Olive''. After the war, she focused her activities on the causes of [[pacifism]] and [[women's suffrage]]. By 1868, Julia's husband no longer opposed her involvement in public life, so she decided to become active in reform.<ref name=VanB /> She helped found the [[New England Women's Club]] and the [[New England Woman Suffrage Association]]. She served as president for nine years beginning in 1868.<ref name="VanBurleo, Miles">VanBurleo, Miles</ref> In 1869, she became co-leader with [[Lucy Stone]] of the [[American Woman Suffrage Association]]. Then, in 1870, she became president of the New England Women's Club. After her husband's death in 1876, she focused more on her interests in reform. In 1877 Howe was one of the founders of the Women's Educational and Industrial Union in Boston.<ref name="Sander">{{cite book |last1=Sander |first1=Kathleen Waters |title=The business of charity: the woman's exchange movement, 1832–1900 |date=1998 |publisher=University of Illinois Press |isbn=0252067037 |pages=66}}</ref> She was the founder and from 1876 to 1897 president of the [[Association of American Women]], which advocated for [[women's education]].<ref name="Ziegler149" /> Unlike other suffragists at the time, Howe supported the final version of the [[Fifteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution|Fifteenth Amendment]], which had omitted the inclusion of language originally barring discrimination against women as well as people of color.<ref name=":0" /> Her reason for supporting this version of the Fifteenth Amendment was that "she viewed black men's suffrage as the priority."<ref name=":0"/>

In 1872, she became the editor of ''[[Woman's Journal]]'', a widely-read suffragist magazine founded in 1870 by Lucy Stone and [[Henry Browne Blackwell|Henry B. Blackwell]].<ref name="Ryan">{{cite book | title = The Torch Bearer A Look Forward and Back at the Woman's Journal, the Organ of the Woman's Movement | author= Ryan, Agnes E | url=http://www.gutenberg.org/cache/epub/12071/pg12071-images.html}}</ref> She contributed to it for twenty years.<ref name=VanB /> That same year, she wrote her "Appeal to womanhood throughout the world", later known as the [[Mother's Day Proclamation]],<ref>{{cite book |url=https://www.loc.gov/resource/rbpe.07400300 |title=Appeal to womanhood throughout the world |first=Julia Ward |last=Howe |newspaper=The Library of Congress |date=September 1870}}</ref> which asked women around the world to join for world peace. (See [[:Category:Pacifist feminism]].) She authored it soon after she evolved into a [[pacifist]] and an [[anti-war activist]]. In 1872, she asked that "[[Mothers' Day]]" be celebrated on June 2.<ref name="leigh">{{cite book | title = Consumer Rites: The Buying and Selling of American Holidays | author = Leigh, Eric Schmidt | edition = reprint, illustrated | editor = Princeton University Press | editor-link = Princeton University Press | year = 1997 | pages = 252, 348 (footnote 17 of chapter 5) | publisher = Princeton University Press | isbn = 0-691-01721-2 |url = https://books.google.com/books?id=maF8mTPsJqsC }} citing Deborah Pickman Clifford, ''Mine Eyes Have Seen the Glory: A Biography of Julia Ward Howe'' (Boston: Little, Brown, 1979), 187, 207, and Julia Ward Howe, "How the Fourth of July Should Be Celebrated", ''Forum'' 15 (July 1983); 574</ref><ref name="legacy">[http://legacyproject.org/guides/mdhistory.html The History of Mothers' Day] from The Legacy Project, a Legacy Center (Canada) website</ref><ref name=virginia>{{cite book | title= The family in America: an encyclopedia |chapter= Mothers' Day |author= Virginia Bernhard |editor= Joseph M. Hawes, Elizabeth F. Shores |edition=3, illustrated |publisher= [[ABC-CLIO]] |year= 2002 |isbn= 1-57607-232-0 |page= 714 | chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=z55xx8_P08UC&q=%22mother%27s+day%22+origin&pg=PT714 }}</ref><ref>''The First Anniversary of "Mothers' Day"'', ''The New York Times'', June 3, 1874, p. 8: "'Mothers' Day', which was inaugurated in this city on the 2nd of June, 1872, by Mrs. Julia Ward Howards{{sic}}, was celebrated last night at Plimpton Hall by a mothers' peace meeting..."</ref> Her efforts were not successful, and by 1893 she was wondering if July 4 could be remade into "Mothers' Day".<ref name="leigh" /> In 1874, she edited a coeducational defense titled ''Sex and Education''.<ref name="VanBurleo, Miles" /> She wrote a collection about the places she lived in 1880 called ''Modern Society''. In 1883, Howe published a biography of [[Margaret Fuller]]. Then, in 1885 she published another collection of lectures called ''Is Polite Society Polite?'' ("Polite society" is a euphemism for the upper class.) In 1899 she published her popular memoirs, ''Reminiscences''.<ref name=VanB /> She continued to write until her death.
[[File:Is polite society polite and other essays by Mrs. Julia Ward Howe - 10713776773.jpg|left|thumb|262x262px|''Is Polite Society Polite and Other Essays'' by Mrs. Julia Ward Howe]]
In 1881, Howe was elected president of the [[Association for the Advancement of Women]]. Around the same time, Howe went on a speaking tour of the Pacific coast and founded the Century Club of San Francisco. In 1890, she helped found the [[General Federation of Women's Clubs]], to reaffirm the Christian values of frugality and moderation.<ref name=VanB /> From 1891 to 1893, she served as president for the second time of the [[Massachusetts Woman Suffrage Association]]. Until her death, she was president of the New England Woman Suffrage Association. From 1893 to 1898 she directed the General Federation of Women's Clubs, and headed the Massachusetts Federation of Women's Clubs.<ref name=VanB /> Howe spoke at the 1893 ''World's Parliament of Religions'' in Chicago reflecting on the question, ''What is Religion?''.<ref>Barrows, John Henry, ''The World’s Parliament of Religions: An Illustrated and Popular Story of the World’s First Parliament of Religions, Held in Chicago in connection with the Columbian Exposition of 1893, Volume 2''. Chicago: The Parliament Publishing Company, 1893, 1250-1251.</ref> In 1908 Julia was the first woman to be elected to the [[American Academy of Arts and Letters]], a society; its goal is to "foster, assist, and sustain excellence" in American literature, music, and art.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.americaslibrary.gov/jb/progress/jb_progress_howe_1.html |title=Julia Ward Howe Elected to American Academy of Arts and Letters |website=America's Story |publisher=[[Library of Congress]] |access-date=May 25, 2018}}</ref>