Editing July Monarchy (section)

==Initial period (August 1830 – November 1830)==

=== The symbolic establishment of the new regime ===
[[File:Louis Philippe Silver Coin.jpg|right|thumb|250px|Silver five-[[French Franc|franc]] coin featuring {{lang|fr|[[Louis Philippe I|Louis Philippe]]|italic=no}}]]
On 7 August 1830, the [[1814 Charter]] was revised. The preamble reviving the {{lang|fr|[[Ancien Régime]]}} was suppressed, and the [[King of France]] became the "[[King of the French]]", (also known as the "Citizen King") establishing the principle of [[national sovereignty]] over the principle of the [[divine right of kings|divine right]]. The new Charter was a compromise between the {{lang|fr|[[Doctrinaires]]}} opposition to Charles X and the Republicans. Laws enforcing Catholicism and [[censorship (France)|censorship]] were repealed and the revolutionary [[Flag of France|tricolor flag]] re-established.

Louis-Philippe pledged his oath to the [[1830 Charter]] on 9 August setting up the beginnings of the July Monarchy. Two days later, the first cabinet was formed, gathering the constitutionalist opposition to Charles X, including {{lang|fr|[[Casimir Pierre Perier|Casimir Perier]]|italic=no}}, the banker {{lang|fr|[[Jacques Laffitte]]|italic=no}}, [[Louis-Mathieu Molé|Count Molé]], the [[Victor de Broglie (1785-1870)|duke of Broglie]], {{lang|fr|[[François Guizot]]|italic=no}}, etc. The new government's first aim was to restore public order, while at the same time appearing to acclaim the revolutionary forces which had just triumphed. Assisted by the people of Paris in overthrowing the Legitimists, the Orléanist bourgeoisie had to establish its new order.

Louis-Philippe decided on 13 August 1830 to adopt the arms of the House of Orléans as state symbols. Reviewing a parade of the Parisian National Guard on 29 August which acclaimed the adoption, he exclaimed to its leader, [[Gilbert du Motier, Marquis de Lafayette|Lafayette]]: "This is worth more to me than [[Coronation of the French monarch|coronation at Reims]]!".<ref>{{langx|fr|«&thinsp;Cela vaut mieux pour moi que le [[sacre (France)|sacre]] de [[Reims]]&thinsp;!&thinsp;»}}</ref> The new regime then decided on 11 October that all people injured during the revolution (500 orphans, 500 widows and 3,850 people injured) would be given financial compensation and presented a draft law indemnifying them in the amount of 7 million francs, also creating a commemorative medal for the July Revolutionaries.

Ministers lost their [[style (manner of address)|honorifics]] of {{lang|fr|[[Monseigneur]]}} and {{lang|fr|[[Excellency|Excellence]]}} and became simply {{lang|fr|[[Monsieur]] le ministre}}. The new king's older son, {{lang|fr|[[Ferdinand-Philippe d'Orléans|Ferdinand-Philippe]]|italic=no}}, was given the title of [[Duke of Orléans]] and Prince Royal, while his daughters and his sister, {{lang|fr|[[Adélaïde d'Orléans]]|italic=no}}, were named princesses of Orléans – and not of France, since there was no longer any "King of France" nor "House of France".

Unpopular laws passed during the Restoration were repealed, including the 1816 amnesty law which had banished the [[regicide]]s – with the exception of article 4, concerning the [[House of Bonaparte|Bonaparte]] family. The Church of {{lang|fr|Sainte-Geneviève|italic=no}} was once again returned to its functions as a secular building, named the {{lang|fr|[[Panthéon]]}}. Various budget restrictions were imposed on the Catholic Church, while the 1825 [[Anti-Sacrilege Act]] which envisioned death penalties for sacrilege was repealed.

=== A permanent disorder ===
Civil unrest continued for three months, supported by the [[French Left|left-wing press]]. {{lang|fr|Louis-Philippe|italic=no}}'s government was not able to put an end to it, mostly because the [[National Guard (France)|National Guard]] was headed by one of the Republican leaders, the [[Marquis de La Fayette]], who advocated a "popular throne surrounded by Republican institutions". The Republicans then gathered themselves in popular clubs, in the tradition established by the [[1789 Revolution]]. Some of those were fronts for [[secret societies]] (for example, the [[Blanquist]] {{ill|Société des Amis du Peuple|fr|Société des Amis du Peuple}}), which sought political and social reforms, or the execution of Charles X's ministers ({{lang|fr|[[Jules de Polignac]]|italic=no}}, {{lang|fr|[[Jean de Chantelauze]]|italic=no}}, the {{lang|fr|[[Count de Peyronnet]]|italic=no}} and the {{lang|fr|[[Martial de Guernon-Ranville]]|italic=no}}). Strikes and demonstrations were permanent.<ref>{{cite book |author=Ronald Aminzade |title=Ballots and barricades: class formation and republican politics in France, 1830–1871 |date=1993 }}</ref>

In order to stabilize the economy and finally secure public order, in the autumn of 1830 the government had the Assembly vote a credit of 5 million francs to subsidize public works, mostly roads. Then, to prevent bankruptcies and the increase of unemployment, especially in Paris, the government issued a guarantee for firms encountering difficulties, granting them 60&nbsp;million francs. These subsidies mainly went into the pockets of big entrepreneurs aligned with the new regime, such as the printer {{lang|fr|[[Firmin Didot]]|italic=no}}.

The death of the [[Louis Henry II, Prince of Condé|Prince of {{lang|fr|Condé|italic=no|nocat=y}}]] on 27 August 1830, who was found hanged, caused the first scandal of the July Monarchy. Without proof, the Legitimists quickly accused {{lang|fr|Louis-Philippe|italic=no}} and the Queen {{lang|fr|[[Maria Amalia of the Two Sicilies|Marie-Amélie]]|italic=no}} of having assassinated the [[ultra-royalist]] Prince, with the alleged motive of allowing their son, the [[Henri d'Orléans, Duke of Aumale|Duke of Aumale]], to get his hands on his fortune. It is however commonly accepted{{weasel word|date=January 2025}} that the Prince died as a result of sex games with his mistress, the [[baroness de Feuchères|Baroness {{lang|fr|de Feuchères|italic=no|nocat=y}}]].{{citation needed|date=January 2025}}

=== Purge of the Legitimists ===
[[File:Illustrirte Zeitung (1843) 08 116 1 Der Sitzungssaal der Deputirtenkammer in Paris.PNG|thumb|upright=1.3|Conference hall of the chamber of deputies at the {{lang|fr|[[Palais Bourbon]]|italic=no}}]]
Meanwhile, the government expelled from the administration all [[Legitimist]] supporters who refused to pledge allegiance to the new regime, leading to the return to political affairs of most of the personnel of the [[First French Empire|First Empire]], who had themselves been expelled during the Second Restoration. This renewal of political and administrative staff was humorously illustrated by a {{lang|fr|[[vaudeville]]}} of {{lang|fr|[[Jean-François Bayard]]}}.<ref>{{lang|fr|La Foire aux places}}, {{lang|fr|comédie-vaudeville}} in one act of [[Jean-François Bayard]], played at the [[théâtre du Vaudeville]] on 25 September 1830, showed the solicitors, gathered in the antechamber of a minister: {{lang|fr|«&thinsp;Qu'on nous place / Et que justice se fasse. / Qu'on nous place / Tous en masse. / Que les placés / Soient chassés&thinsp;!&thinsp;»}} (quoted by {{harvnb|Antonetti|2002|p=625}}) {{lang|fr|«&thinsp;Savez-vous ce que c'est qu'un carliste? interroge un humoriste. Un carliste, c'est un homme qui occupe un poste dont un autre homme a envie&thinsp;!&thinsp;»}} ({{harvnb|Antonetti|2002|p=625}})</ref> The Minister of the Interior, {{lang|fr|Guizot|italic=no}}, re-appointed the entire [[prefects (France)|prefectoral administration]] and the mayors of large cities. The Minister of Justice, {{lang|fr|[[Jacques Charles Dupont de l'Eure|Dupont de l'Eure]]|italic=no}}, assisted by his secretary general, {{lang|fr|[[Joseph Mérilhou|Mérilhou]]|italic=no}}, dismissed most of the public prosecutors. In the Army, the {{lang|fr|[[Louis Auguste Victor de Ghaisne de Bourmont|General de Bourmont]]|italic=no}}, a follower of Charles X who was commanding the [[French rule in Algeria|invasion of Algeria]], was replaced by {{lang|fr|[[Bertrand Clauzel]]|italic=no}}. Generals, ambassadors, plenipotentiary ministers and half of the {{lang|fr|[[Council of State (France)|Conseil d'État]]|italic=no}} were replaced. In the [[Chamber of Deputies (France)|Chamber of Deputies]], a quarter of the seats (119) were submitted to a new election in October, leading to the defeat of the Legitimists.

In sociological terms, however, this renewal of political figures did not mark any great change of elites. The old land-owners, civil servants and liberal professions continued to dominate the state of affairs, leading the historian [[David H. Pinkney]] to deny any claim of a "new regime of a {{lang|fr|grande bourgeoisie}}".<ref>{{cite book |author=David H. Pinkney |author-link=David H. Pinkney |title=The French Revolution of 1830 |date=1972 }}</ref>

=== The "Resistance" and the "Movement" ===
Although some voices began to push for the closure of the Republican clubs, which fomented revolutionary agitation, the Minister of Justice, {{lang|fr|[[Jacques Charles Dupont de l'Eure|Dupont de l'Eure]]|italic=no}}, and the Parisian public prosecutor, Bernard, both Republicans, refused to prosecute revolutionary associations (the French law prohibited meetings of more than 20 persons).

However, on 25 September 1830, the Minister of Interior {{lang|fr|[[François Guizot|Guizot]]|italic=no}} responded to a deputy's question on the subject by stigmatizing the "revolutionary state", which he conflated with chaos, to which he opposed the [[Glorious Revolution]] in England in 1688.<ref>{{cite book |author=Sudhir Hazareesingh |title=How the French Think |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=DfKlCAAAQBAJ&pg=PA215 |year=2015 |publisher=Basic Books |page=215 |isbn=978-0-465-06166-2 }}</ref>

Two political currents thereafter made their appearance, and would structure political life under the July Monarchy: the [[Movement Party (France)|Movement Party]] and the [[Resistance Party (France)|Resistance Party]]. The first was [[reformist]] and in favor of support to the nationalists who were trying, all over of Europe, to shake the grip of the various Empires in order to create [[nation-states]]. Its mouthpiece was {{lang|fr|[[Le National (newspaper)|Le National]]}}. The second was conservative and supported peace with European monarchs, and had as mouthpiece {{lang|fr|[[Le Journal des débats]]}}.

The [[trial of Charles X's ministers]], arrested in August 1830 while they were fleeing, became the major political issue. The [[French Left|left]] demanded their heads, but this was opposed by {{lang|fr|Louis-Philippe|italic=no}}, who feared a spiral of violence and the renewal of [[reign of Terror|revolutionary Terror]]. Thus, on 27 September 1830 the Chamber of Deputies passed a resolution charging the former ministers, but at the same time, in an address to King {{lang|fr|Louis-Philippe|italic=no}} on 8 October, invited him to present a draft law repealing the [[capital punishment in France|death penalty]], at least for political crimes. This in turn provoked popular discontent on 17 and 18 October, with the masses marching on the [[Château de Vincennes]] where the former ministers were detained.

Following these riots, Interior Minister Guizot requested the resignation of the [[prefect of Paris|Prefect of the Seine]], {{lang|fr|[[Odilon Barrot]]|italic=no}}, who had criticized the parliamentarians' address to the king. Supported by {{lang|fr|[[Victor de Broglie (1785-1870)|Victor de Broglie]]|italic=no}}, Guizot considered that an important civil servant could not criticize an act of the Chamber of Deputies, particularly when it had been approved by the King and his government. {{lang|fr|[[Dupont de l'Eure]]|italic=no}} took {{lang|fr|Barrot|italic=no}}'s side, threatening to resign if the king disavowed him. The banker {{lang|fr|[[Jacques Laffitte|Laffitte]]|italic=no}}, one of the main figures of the {{lang|fr|Parti du mouvement}}, thereupon put himself forward to coordinate the ministers with the title of "[[President of the Council (France)|President of the Council]]". This immediately led Broglie and Guizot, of the {{lang|fr|Parti de l'Ordre}}, to resign, followed by {{lang|fr|[[Casimir Perier]]|italic=no}}, {{lang|fr|[[André Dupin]]|italic=no}}, the [[Louis-Mathieu Molé|Count Molé]] and {{lang|fr|[[Joseph-Dominique Louis]]|italic=no}}. Confronted to the {{lang|fr|Parti de l'Ordre}}'s defeat, {{lang|fr|Louis-Philippe|italic=no}} decided to put {{lang|fr|Laffitte|italic=no}} to trial, hoping that the exercise of power would discredit him. He thus called him to form a new government on 2 November 1830.