Editing July Revolution (section)

== The Events of July 1830 ==
{{redirect|Trois Glorieuses|uprising in Congo-Brazzaville|Trois Glorieuses (1963)}}
=== Monday, 26 July 1830 ===
[[File:Lar7 cogniet 001z.jpg|thumb|upright=1.2|''[[Scenes of July 1830]]'', a painting by [[Léon Cogniet]] alluding to the July revolution of 1830]]

It was a hot, dry summer, pushing those who could afford it to leave Paris for the country. Most businessmen could not, and so were among the first to learn of the Saint-Cloud "Ordinances", which banned them from running as candidates for the Chamber of Deputies. Such membership was indispensable to those who sought the ultimate in social prestige. In protest, members of the ''Bourse'' refused to lend money, and business owners shuttered their factories. Workers were unceremoniously turned out into the street to fend for themselves. Unemployment, which had been growing through early summer, spiked. "Large numbers of... workers therefore had nothing to do but protest."<ref name="Mansel238">{{harvnb|Mansel|2001|p=238}}</ref>

While newspapers such as the ''[[Journal des débats]]'', ''[[Le Moniteur Universel|Le Moniteur]]'', and ''[[Le Constitutionnel]]'' had already ceased publication in compliance with the new law, nearly 50 journalists from a dozen city newspapers met in the offices of ''[[Le National (newspaper)|Le National]]''. There they signed a collective protest, and vowed their newspapers would continue to run.<ref name="Mansel238" />

That evening, when police raided a news press and seized contraband newspapers, they were greeted by a sweltering, unemployed mob angrily shouting, "''À bas les Bourbons!''" ("Down with the Bourbons!") and "''Vive la Charte!''" ("Long live the Charter!").

[[Armand Carrel]], a journalist, wrote in the next day's edition of ''Le National'':
<blockquote>France... falls back into revolution by the act of the government itself... the legal regime is now interrupted, that of <u>force</u> has begun... in the situation in which we are now placed obedience has ceased to be a duty... It is for France to judge how far its own resistance ought to extend.<ref>{{harvnb|Pinkney|1972|pp=83–84}}; {{Cite book |last=de Rémusat |first=Madame |author-link=Madame de Rémusat |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=3H0vAAAAMAAJ |title=Mémoires de Madame de Rémusat 1802-1808 |date=1880 |publisher=Calmann Lévy |volume=2 |pages=313–314 |language=fr}}; Lendré 107</ref></blockquote>

Despite public anger over the police raid, Jean-Henri-Claude Magin, the Paris ''[[Préfet de police]]'', wrote that evening: "the most perfect tranquility continues to reign in all parts of the capital. No event worthy of attention is recorded in the reports that have come through to me."<ref>{{harvnb|Pinkney|1972|p=93}}.</ref>

=== Tuesday, 27 July 1830: Day One ===
[[File:Saisie des presses du National.jpg|thumb|upright=1.2|right| Seizure of the presses of the ''Le National'', a triggering event of the July Revolution. Paris, 27 July.]]
Throughout the day, Paris grew quiet as the milling crowds grew larger. At 4:30&nbsp;pm commanders of the troops of the First Military division of Paris and the ''Garde Royale'' were ordered to concentrate their troops, and guns, on the [[Place du Carrousel]] facing the [[Tuileries]], the [[Place Vendôme]], and the [[Place de la Bastille]]. In order to maintain order and protect gun shops from looters, military patrols throughout the city were established, strengthened, and expanded. However, no special measures were taken to protect either the arm depots or gunpowder factories. For a time, those precautions seemed premature, but at 7:00&nbsp;pm, with the coming of twilight, the fighting began. "Parisians, rather than soldiers, were the aggressor. Paving stones, roof tiles, and flowerpots from the upper windows... began to rain down on the soldiers in the streets".<ref>{{harvnb|Mansel|2001|p=239}}.</ref> At first, soldiers fired warning shots into the air. But before the night was over, twenty-one civilians were killed. Rioters then paraded the corpse of one of their fallen throughout the streets shouting "''Mort aux Ministres!'' ''À bas les aristocrates!''" ("Death to the ministers! Down with the aristocrats!")

One witness wrote:

<blockquote>
[I saw] a crowd of agitated people pass by and disappear, then a troop of cavalry succeed them... In every direction and at intervals... Indistinct noises, gunshots, and then for a time all is silent again so for a time one could believe that everything in the city was normal. But all the shops are shut; the [[Pont Neuf]] is almost completely dark, the stupefaction visible on every face reminds us all too much of the crisis we face....<ref>{{Cite book |last=Olivier |first=Juste |author-link=Juste Olivier |url=https://archive.org/details/parisjournal0000unse |title=Paris en 1830 |publisher=[[Mercure de France]] |year=1951 |location=Paris |pages=244}}</ref>
</blockquote>

In 1828, the city of Paris had installed some 2,000 [[street lamp]]s. These lanterns were hung on ropes looped-on-looped from one pole to another, as opposed to being secured on posts. The rioting lasted well into the night until most of them had been destroyed by 10:00 PM, forcing the crowds to slip away.

=== Wednesday, 28 July 1830: Day Two ===
[[File:Prise de l'Hôtel de ville - le Pont d'Arcole.JPG|thumb|upright=1.2|Taking of the [[Hôtel de Ville, Paris|Hôtel de Ville]] (revolutionaries went there in 1789, and later 1848 and 1870), by Amédée Bourgeois]]
Fighting in Paris continued throughout the night. One eyewitness wrote:

<blockquote>It is hardly a quarter past eight, and already shouts and gun shots can be heard. Business is at a complete standstill.... Crowds rushing through the streets... the sound of cannon and gunfire is becoming ever louder.... Cries of "''À bas le roi !", "À la guillotine !!''" ["Down with the king!", "To the [[guillotine]]!!"] can be heard....<ref>{{harvnb|Olivier|1951|p=247}}.</ref></blockquote>

Charles X ordered Maréchal [[Auguste Marmont]], Duke of Ragusa, the on-duty Major-General of the ''Garde Royale'', to repress the disturbances. Marmont was personally liberal, and opposed to the ministry's policy, but was bound tightly to the King because he believed such to be his duty; and possibly because of his unpopularity for his generally perceived and widely criticized desertion of Napoleon in 1814.{{page needed|date=October 2018 <!-- These assessments appear to be taken from Mansel 2001, the source cited for this section, but not-strictly-factual analyses should be given specific page numbers (use Template:rp or Template:sfn --> }} The king remained at Saint-Cloud, but was kept abreast of the events in Paris by his ministers, who insisted that the troubles would end as soon as the rioters ran out of ammunition.

[[File:Révolution de 1830 - Combat devant l'hôtel de ville - 28.07.1830.jpg|thumb|upright=1.2|left|[[Fight in Front of the City Hall on 28 July 1830|''Fight in front of the City Hall on 28 July 1830'']], by [[Jean-Victor Schnetz]]]]

Marmont's plan was to have the ''Garde Royale'' and available line units of the city garrison guard the vital thoroughfares and bridges of the city, as well as protect important buildings such as the [[Palais Royal]], [[Palais de Justice, Paris|Palais de Justice]], and the [[Hôtel de Ville, Paris|Hôtel de Ville]]. This plan was both ill-considered and wildly ambitious;{{page needed|date=October 2018}} not only were there not enough troops, but there were also nowhere near enough provisions. The ''Garde Royale'' was mostly loyal for the moment, but the attached line units were wavering: a small but growing number of troops were deserting; some merely slipping away, others leaving, not caring who saw them.

In Paris, a committee of the Bourbon opposition, composed of banker-and-kingmaker [[Jacques Laffitte]], [[Casimir Pierre Perier|Casimir Perier]], Generals [[Étienne Maurice Gérard|Étienne Gérard]] and [[Georges Mouton|Georges Mouton, comte de Lobau]], among others, had drawn up and signed a petition in which they asked for the ''ordonnances'' to be withdrawn. The petition was critical "not of the King, but his ministers", thereby countering the conviction of Charles X that his liberal opponents were enemies of his dynasty.<ref>{{harvnb|Mansel|2001|p=245}}.</ref>

After signing the petition, committee members went directly to Marmont to beg for an end to the bloodshed, and to plead with him to become a mediator between Saint-Cloud and Paris. Marmont acknowledged the petition, but stated that the people of Paris would have to lay down arms first for a settlement to be reached. Discouraged but not despairing, the party then sought out the king's chief minister, [[Jules Armand, prince de Polignac|de Polignac]] – "''[[Joan of Arc|Jeanne d'Arc]] en culottes''". From Polignac they received even less satisfaction. He refused to see them, perhaps because he knew that discussions would be a waste of time.{{page needed|date=October 2018}} Like Marmont, he knew that Charles X considered the ''ordonnances'' vital to the safety and dignity of the throne of France. Thus, the King would not withdraw the ''ordonnances''.

At 4&nbsp;pm, Charles X received Colonel Komierowski, one of Marmont's chief aides. The colonel was carrying a note from Marmont to his Majesty:

<blockquote>Sire, it is no longer a riot, it is a revolution. It is urgent for Your Majesty to take measures for pacification. The honour of the crown can still be saved. Tomorrow, perhaps, there will be no more time... I await with impatience Your Majesty's orders.<ref>{{harvnb|Mansel|2001|p=247}}.</ref></blockquote>

The king asked Polignac for advice, and the advice was to resist.

=== Thursday, 29 July 1830: Day Three ===
[[File:Révolution de 1830 - Combat de la rue de Rohan - 29.07.1830.jpg|thumb|upright=1.2|''Battle at the Rue de Rohan'', by [[Hippolyte Lecomte]]]]

<blockquote>"They (the king and ministers) do not come to Paris", wrote the poet, novelist and playwright [[Alfred de Vigny]], "people are dying for them ... Not one prince has appeared. The poor men of the guard abandoned without orders, without bread for two days, hunted everywhere and fighting."<ref>{{Cite book |last=de Vigny |first=Alfred |title=Journal d'un poète |title-link=s:fr:Journal d’un poète |year=1867 |pages=33 |language=fr}}</ref></blockquote>

Perhaps for the same reason, royalists were nowhere to be found; perhaps another reason was that now the ''révoltés'' were well organized and very well armed. In only a day and a night, over 4,000 barricades had been thrown up throughout the city. The tricolor flag of the revolutionaries – the "people's flag" – flew over buildings, an increasing number of them important buildings.

[[File:Arrivée du Duc d'Orléans au Palais-Royal.jpg|thumb|upright|left|''The arrival of the duc d'Orléans (Louis Phillipe) at the [[Palais-Royal]]'', by Jean-Baptiste Carbillet]]

Marmont lacked either the initiative or the presence of mind to call for additional troops from Saint-Denis, Vincennes, Lunéville, or Saint-Omer; neither did he ask for help from reservists or those Parisians still loyal to Charles X. The Bourbon opposition and supporters of the July Revolution swarmed to his headquarters demanding the arrest of Polignac and the other ministers, while supporters of the Bourbon and city leaders demanded he arrest the rioters and their puppet masters. Marmont refused to act on either request, instead awaiting orders from the king.

By 1:30&nbsp;pm, the [[Tuileries Palace]] had been sacked. A man wearing a ball dress belonging to the [[Marie-Caroline de Bourbon-Sicile, duchesse de Berry|duchesse de Berry]], the king's widowed daughter in law and the mother of the heir to the throne, with feathers and flowers in his hair, screamed from a palace window: '''Je reçois! Je reçois!''<nowiki/>' ('I receive! I receive!') Others drank wine from the palace cellars."<ref>{{Cite book |last=de Chateaubriand |first=François-René |url=https://ebooks-bnr.com/ebooks/pdf4/chateaubriand_memoires_outre_tombe3.pdf |title=Mémoires d'Outre-Tombe |publisher=[[National Library of France]] |year=1849 |volume=3 |page=120}}; Fontaine II, 849 (letter of 9 August 1830).</ref> Earlier that day, the [[Louvre]] had fallen, even more quickly. Swiss troops of the Royal Army, confronted by the mob and under orders from Marmont not to fire unless fired upon, were withdrawn by their officers who feared a repetition of the massacre of [[Swiss Guards]] that had occurred when the [[Insurrection of 10 August 1792|Tuileries had been stormed on 10 August 1792]].

By mid-afternoon, the greatest prize, the [[Hôtel de Ville, Paris|Hôtel de Ville]], had been captured. The amount of looting during these three days was surprisingly small{{Citation needed|date=March 2008}}; not only at the [[Louvre]]—whose paintings and ''objets d'art'' were protected by the crowd—but the Tuileries, the [[Palais de Justice, Paris|Palais de Justice]], the [[Archbishop's Palace of Paris|Archbishop's Palace]], and other places as well.

A few hours later, politicians entered the battered complex and set about establishing a provisional government. Though there would be spots of fighting throughout the city for the next few days, the revolution, for all intents and purposes, was over.