Editing June (section)

== History ==
{{further|Iunius (month)}}
{{see also|Adoption of the Gregorian calendar}}
[[File:Chronography of 354 Mensis Iunius.png|thumb|Illustration for the month of June, based on the ''[[Calendar of Filocalus]]'' (AD 354)]]
June originates from the month of ''Iunius'' (also called {{lang|la|mensis Iunius}} {{lit|month of June}})<ref>{{cite book|last=Hannah|first=Robert|title=Greek and Roman Calendars|year=2013|publisher=[[Bloomsbury Publishing]]|isbn=978-1-84966-751-7|page=99}}</ref> in the original [[Roman calendar]] used during the [[Roman Republic]]. The origin of this calendar is obscure.{{efn|The Romans usually described their first calendar, predating the Roman calendar, as one with ten fixed months—four "full months" ({{lang|la|pleni menses}}) with 31 days and six "hollow months" ({{lang|la|cavi menses}}) of 30 days, the latter including ''Iunius''.<ref>{{cite book |last=Mommsen |first=Theodor |author-link=Theodor Mommsen |title=The History of Rome: The Period Anterior to the Abolition of the Monarchy |volume=1 |editor-last=Dickson |editor-first=William Purdie |url=https://archive.org/stream/historyrome00dickgoog#page/n6/mode/2up |publisher=Richard Bentley |year=1864 |pages=218–219}}</ref> Later Roman writers usually credited this calendar to [[Romulus]], their [[Roman mythology|legendary]] first [[king of Rome|king]], around 738 BC. Nevertheless, this early version of the Roman calendar has not been attested, and a number of scholars doubt the existence of this calendar at all.<ref>{{cite book|last=Rüpke |first=Jörg |year=2011|author-link=Jörg Rüpke |title=The Roman Calendar from Numa to Constantine: Time, History, and the Fasti |translator-first=D.M.B. |translator-last=Richardson |publisher=Wiley |isbn=978-0-4706-5508-5 |page=23 }}</ref><ref>{{cite encyclopaedia|url=https://www.britannica.com/science/Roman-republican-calendar|title=Roman republican calendar|date=22 December 2023|publisher=[[Encyclopaedia Britannica Online]]|access-date=30 March 2024}}</ref>}} ''Iunius'' was originally the fourth month of the year, and had 29 days alongside {{lang|la|[[Aprilis]]}} ("[[April]]"), {{lang|la|[[Sextilis]]}} (later renamed {{lang|la|Augustus}} "[[August]]"), {{lang|la|[[September (Roman month)|September]]}}, {{lang|la|[[November (Roman month)|November]]}} and {{lang|la|[[December (Roman month)|December]]}}.{{sfn|Gyllenbok|2018|pp=377–378}} It is not known when the Romans reset the course of the year so that {{lang|la|[[Ianuarius]]}} ("[[January]]") and {{lang|la|[[Februarius]]}} ("[[February]]"), originally the 11th and 12th months respectively, came first—thus moving ''Iunius'' to the sixth month of the year—but later Roman scholars generally dated this to 153 BC.<ref>{{cite book|last=Forsythe|first=Gary|title=Time in Roman Religion: One Thousand Years of Religious History|year=2012|publisher=[[Routledge]]|isbn=978-0-415-52217-5|pages=14–15}}</ref>

In [[ancient Rome]], the period from mid-May through mid-June may have been considered inauspicious for marriages. The Roman poet [[Ovid]] claimed to have consulted the ''[[flaminica Dialis]]'', the high priestess of the god [[Jupiter (god)|Jupiter]], about setting a date for his daughter's wedding, but was advised to wait until after 15 June.<ref>{{cite book|first=Howard Hayes|last=Scullard|author-link=Howard Hayes Scullard|year=1981|title=Festivals and Ceremonies of the Roman Republic|publisher=[[Cornell University Press]]|isbn=978-0-8014-1402-2|page=126}}</ref> The Greek philosopher and writer [[Plutarch]], however, implied that the entire month of June was more favorable for weddings than May.<ref>{{cite book|first=Karen K.|last=Hersch|year=2010|title=The Roman Wedding: Ritual and Meaning in Antiquity|publisher=[[Cambridge University Press]]|isbn=978-0-521-12427-0|page=47}}</ref>

In 46 BC, [[Julius Caesar]] reformed the calendar, which thus became known as the [[Julian calendar]] after himself. This reform fixed the calendar to 365 days with a [[leap year]] every fourth year, and made June 30 days long; however, this reform resulted in the average [[year]] of the Julian calendar being 365.25 days long, slightly more than the actual [[solar year]] of 365.2422 days (the current value, which varies).<ref>{{cite book|last=Richards|first=E. G.|year=2013|editor-last1=Urban|editor-first1=Sean E.|editor-last2=Seidelmann|editor-first2=P. Kenneth|edition=3rd|chapter=Calendars|title=Explanatory Supplement to the Astronomical Almanac|publisher=University Science Books|isbn=978-1-891389-85-6|pages=593–595}}</ref>

In AD 65, June was renamed as ''Germanicus'' in honour of the Roman emperor [[Nero]]. As recalled by the Roman historian [[Tacitus]] in his ''[[Annals (Tacitus)|Annals]]'', the Roman senator [[Servius Cornelius Scipio Salvidienus Orfitus (consul 51)|Cornelius Orfitus]], who made the proposal, claimed that the name ''Junius'' had become inauspicious due to the executions of [[Lucius Junius Silanus Torquatus]] and [[Decimus Junius Silanus Torquatus]] in AD 49 and AD 64, respectively.<ref>{{cite book|first=Vasily|last=Rudich|year=2005|title=Political Dissidence Under Nero: The Price of Dissimulation|publisher=Taylor & Francis|isbn=978-1-134-91451-7|pages=143–144}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|editor1-first=Alessandro|editor1-last=Schiesaro|editor2-first=Shadi|editor2-last=Bartsch|editor2-link=Shadi Bartsch|year=2015|first=Victoria|last=Rimell|title=Seneca and Neronian Rome: In the Mirror of Time|chapter=The Cambridge Companion to Seneca|isbn=978-1-107-03505-8|page=128}}</ref><ref>[[Tacitus]], ''[[Annals (Tacitus)|Annals]]''. [https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Tacitus/Annals/16*.html#ref19 16.12].</ref> The names did not survive and were likely erased when Nero was subjected to ''[[damnatio memoriae]]''.<ref>{{cite book|last=Hopkins|first=Clark|year=1931|title=The Early History of Greece|publisher=Yale University Press|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=leLVAAAAMAAJ|page=231}}</ref> In AD 184, Roman Emperor [[Commodus]] briefly renamed all of the months after a name in his full title; June became ''Aelius''.<ref>{{cite book|year=1931|title=Yale Classical Studies|volume=2|editor1-first=Austin Morris|editor1-last=Harmon|editor1-link=Austin Morris Harmon|editor2-first=Henry Thompson|editor2-last=Rowell|editor3-first=Robert Orville|editor3-last=Fink|publisher=[[Yale University|Yale University Department of Classics]]|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=yZhfAAAAMAAJ|page=238}}</ref> However, this decision was repealed after his death in AD 192.<ref>{{cite book|last=Clarke|first=John R.|author-link=John R. Clarke (historian)|year=1991|title=The Houses of Roman Italy, 100 B.C.- A.D. 250: Ritual, Space, and Decoration|publisher=[[University of California Press]]|isbn=978-0-520-08429-2|page=322}}</ref>

In 1582, [[Pope Gregory XIII]] promulgated a revised calendar—the [[Gregorian calendar]]—that reduced the average length of the [[calendar year]] from 365.25 days to 365.2425, correcting the Julian calendar's drift against the solar year.<ref>{{cite book| last1=Mezzi |first1=E. |last2= Vizza | first2=F. | title= Luigi Lilio Medico: Astronomo e Matematico di Cirò | trans-title= Luigi Lilio: Doctor, Astronomer and Mathematician from Cirò | language= Italian | publisher= Laruffa Editore | year=2010 |pages=14, 52 |isbn=978-88-7221-481-7 }}</ref><ref>{{cite conference |last1=Ziggelaar |first1= A. | year=1983 | url=http://articles.adsabs.harvard.edu/cgi-bin/nph-iarticle_query?journal=grc..&year=1983&volume=book&page_ind=209 | title=The Papal Bull of 1582 Promulgating a Reform of the Calendar |editor1-last=Coyne |editor1-first= G. V. |editor2-last=  Hoskin |editor2-first=  M. A. |editor3-last= Pedersen |editor3-first= O.  | conference= Gregorian Reform of the Calendar: Proceedings of the Vatican Conference to Commemorate its 400th Anniversary | publisher=[[Pontifical Academy of Sciences]] | page= 210}}</ref>