Editing Justinian II (section)

==Second reign==
[[File:Solidus of Justinian II and Tiberius (obverse).jpg|thumb|Justinian and his son [[Tiberius (son of Justinian II)|Tiberius]], whom he crowned co-emperor in 706.]]
Justinian's second reign was marked by unsuccessful warfare against Bulgaria and the Caliphate, and by cruel suppression of opposition at home.<ref name="Norwich, p. 339">{{harvnb|Norwich|1990|pp=339}}</ref>  In 708 Justinian turned on Bulgarian Khan [[Tervel]], whom he had earlier crowned ''[[caesar (title)|caesar]]'', and invaded Bulgaria, apparently seeking to recover the territories ceded to Tervel as a reward for his support in 705.<ref name="Bury, p. 361" />  The Emperor was defeated, blockaded in [[Pomorie|Anchialus]], and forced to retreat.<ref name="Bury, p. 361" />  Peace between Bulgaria and Byzantium was quickly restored. This defeat was followed by Arab victories in Asia Minor,<ref name=EB1911/> where the cities of [[Cilicia]] fell into the hands of the enemy, who penetrated into [[Cappadocia]] in 709–711.<ref name="Norwich, p. 339" />
[[File:709 год ограбление Равенны Юстинианом II.jpg|thumb|Justinian's II punitive squad robs Ravenna after the arrest of archbishop Felix in 709.]]
He ordered [[Pope John VII]] to recognize the decisions of the Quinisext Council and simultaneously fitted out a [[punitive expedition]] against Ravenna in 709 under the command of the Patrician Theodore.<ref>{{harvnb|Bury|1889|p=366}}</ref> The expedition was led to reinstate the Western Church's authority over Ravenna, which was taken as a sign of disobedience to the emperor, and revolutionary sentiment.<ref>''[[Liber pontificalis]]'' [https://books.google.com/books?id=FOExAQAAMAAJ&pg=PA389 1:389]</ref> The repression succeeded, and the new [[Pope Constantine]] visited Constantinople in 710. Justinian, after receiving Holy Communion at the hands of the pope, renewed all the privileges of the Roman Church. Exactly what passed between them on the subject of the Quinisext Council is not known. It would appear, however, that Constantine approved most of the canons.<ref>''[https://www.newadvent.org/cathen/04294b.htm Pope Constantine]''. [[New Advent]]</ref> This would be the last time a Pope visited the city until the visit of [[Pope Paul VI]] to [[Istanbul]] in 1967.<ref name="Norwich, p. 345" />

Justinian's rule provoked another uprising against him.<ref>{{harvnb|Norwich|1990|p=342}}</ref>  Cherson revolted, and under the leadership of the exiled general [[Philippikos|Bardanes]] the city held out against a counter-attack. Soon, the forces sent to suppress the rebellion joined it.<ref name="Moore, Justinian II" />  The rebels then seized the capital and proclaimed Bardanes as Emperor Philippicus;<ref>{{harvnb|Norwich|1990|p=343}}</ref> Justinian had been on his way to Armenia, and was unable to return to Constantinople in time to defend it.<ref name="Bury, p. 365">{{harvnb|Bury|1889|pp=365–366}}</ref>  He was arrested and executed in November 711, his head being exhibited in Rome and Ravenna.<ref name="Kazhdan, p. 1084" />
[[File:46-manasses-chronicle.jpg|thumb|Philippicus sends his men to execute [[Tiberius (son of Justinian II)|Tiberius]]. Scene from the 12th century [[Manasses Chronicle]]|306x306px]]
On hearing the news of his death, Justinian's mother took his six-year-old son and co-emperor, Tiberius, to sanctuary at [[Church of St. Mary of Blachernae (Istanbul)|St. Mary's Church in Blachernae]], but was pursued by Philippicus' henchmen, who dragged the child from the altar and, once outside the church, murdered him, thus eradicating the line of [[Heraclius]].<ref name="Bury, p. 365" />