Editing Labeling theory (section)

===Frank Tannenbaum===
[[Frank Tannenbaum]] first introduced the idea of "tagging."<ref>O'Grady, William. 2011. ''Crime in Canadian Context''. Ontario: [[Oxford University Press]].</ref> Kerry Townsend (2001) writes about the revolution in criminology caused by Tannenbaum's work:<blockquote>"The roots of Frank Tannenbaum's theoretical model, known as the 'dramatization of evil' or labeling theory, surfaces in the mid- to late-thirties. At this time, the 'New Deal' legislation had not defeated the woes of the Great Depression, and, although dwindling, immigration into the United States continued.<ref name=":1">Sumner, C. 1994. ''The Sociology of Deviance: an Obituary''. New York: [[Continuum Publishing]].</ref> The social climate was one of disillusionment with the government. The class structure was one of cultural isolationism; cultural relativity had not yet taken hold. 'The persistence of the class structure, despite the welfare reforms and controls over big business, was unmistakable.'<ref name=":1" />{{Rp|117}}

"One of the central tenets of the theory is to encourage the end of labeling process. In the words of Frank Tannenbaum, 'the way out is through a refusal to dramatize the evil", the justice system attempts to do this through diversion programs. The growth of the theory and its current application, both practical and theoretical, provide a solid foundation for continued popularity."<ref>Townsend, Kerry. 2001. "[https://web.archive.org/web/20090426080156/http://www.criminology.fsu.edu/crimtheory/tannenbaum.htm Frank Tannenbaum: 'Dramatization of Evil']." ''Florida State University''. Archived from [http://www.criminology.fsu.edu/crimtheory/tannenbaum.htm the original] on 2009-04-26. Retrieved 2010-05-29.</ref>

Tannenbaum discusses criminal behavior, with a focus on those who commit crimes professionally or as a career. He classifies criminals into six types: occasional, financially motivated, vagrants, unintentional, mentally ill, and professional.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Barmaki |first=Reza |date=2017-12-26 |title=On the Origin of "Labeling" Theory in Criminology: Frank Tannenbaum and the Chicago School of Sociology |url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/01639625.2017.1420491 |journal=Deviant Behavior |volume=40 |issue=2 |pages=256–271 |doi=10.1080/01639625.2017.1420491 |issn=0163-9625|url-access=subscription }}</ref> Frank Tannenbaum's explanation of Labeling Theory highlighted the negative consequences of police interactions with children which argues that arresting youth leads to a "dramatization of evil". His research indicated that youth being arrested and labeled as criminals shapes their self-perception to fit that label.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Smith |first1=Meghan L. |last2=Hoven |first2=Christina W. |last3=Cheslack-Postava |first3=Keely |last4=Musa |first4=George J. |last5=Wicks |first5=Judith |last6=McReynolds |first6=Larkin |last7=Bresnahan |first7=Michaeline |last8=Link |first8=Bruce G. |date=2022-02-14 |title=Arrest history, stigma, and self-esteem: a modified labeling theory approach to understanding how arrests impact lives |url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00127-022-02245-7 |journal=Social Psychiatry and Psychiatric Epidemiology |volume=57 |issue=9 |pages=1849–1860 |doi=10.1007/s00127-022-02245-7 |pmid=35157092 |issn=0933-7954|url-access=subscription }}</ref>[https://kb.gcsu.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1130&context=thecorinthian]</blockquote>