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Lactic acid
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===Fermentative production=== [[Fermented milk products]] are obtained industrially by fermentation of [[milk]] or [[whey]] by ''Lactobacillus'' bacteria: ''[[Lactobacillus acidophilus]]'', ''[[Lacticaseibacillus casei]]'' (''Lactobacillus casei''), [[Lactobacillus delbrueckii subsp. bulgaricus|''Lactobacillus delbrueckii'' subsp. ''bulgaricus'']] (''Lactobacillus bulgaricus''), ''[[Lactobacillus helveticus]]'', ''[[Lactococcus lactis]]'' ,'' [[Bacillus amyloliquefaciens]]'', and [[Streptococcus salivarius subsp. thermophilus|''Streptococcus salivarius'' subsp. ''thermophilus'']] (''Streptococcus thermophilus'').{{cn|date=May 2024}} As a starting material for industrial production of lactic acid, almost any carbohydrate source containing {{chem|link=Pentose|C|5}} (Pentose sugar) and {{chem|link=Hexose|C|6}} (Hexose sugar) can be used. Pure sucrose, glucose from starch, raw sugar, and beet juice are frequently used.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Groot|first1=Wim|last2=van Krieken|first2=Jan|last3=Slekersl|first3=Olav|last4=de Vos|first4=Sicco|editor1-last=Auras|editor1-first=Rafael|editor2-last=Lim|editor2-first=Long-Tak|editor3-last=Selke|editor3-first=Susan E. M.|editor4-last=Tsuji|editor4-first=Hideto | name-list-style = vanc |contribution=Chemistry and production of lactic acid, lactide and poly(lactic acid) |title=Poly(Lactic acid)|publisher=Wiley|location=Hoboken|isbn=978-0-470-29366-9|page=3|date=2010-10-19}}</ref> Lactic acid producing bacteria can be divided in two classes: homofermentative bacteria like ''Lactobacillus casei'' and ''Lactococcus lactis'', producing two moles of lactate from one mole of glucose, and heterofermentative species producing one mole of lactate from one mole of glucose as well as [[carbon dioxide]] and [[acetic acid]]/[[ethanol]].<ref>{{cite book|last1=König|first1=Helmut|last2=Fröhlich|first2=Jürgen | name-list-style = vanc |title=Lactic acid bacteria in Biology of Microorganisms on Grapes, in Must and in Wine|date=2009|publisher=Springer-Verlag|isbn=978-3-540-85462-3|page=3}}</ref>
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