Editing Land Rover Defender (section)

==Land Rover Ninety and One Ten==
[[File:White Land Rover 90 TD front left (cropped).jpg|thumb|left|Land Rover Ninety Turbo Diesel]]
{{Infobox automobile
| image=1985 Land Rover 110 County (39887330091).jpg
| name=Ninety, One Ten and One Two Seven
| production=One Ten: 1983–1990<br />Ninety: 1984–1990<br />One Two Seven: 1985–1990
| body_style={{unbulleted list|3-door [[Sport utility vehicle|4x4]]|5-door [[Sport utility vehicle|4x4]]|2-door [[Pickup truck|pickup]]|3-door [[panel truck]]}}
| platform=
| related={{unbulleted list|[[Land Rover Wolf]]|Santana PS-10}}
| engine={{unbulleted list|2.25 L [[Land Rover engines#2.25-litre (Engine Codes 10H, 11H and 13H)|''10H'']] [[Petrol engine|petrol]] [[Inline-four engine|I4]] (1983–1985)|2.25 L [[Land Rover engines#2.25-litre diesel (Engine Code 10J)|''10J'']] [[Diesel engine|diesel]] I4 (1983)|2.5 L [[Land Rover engines#2.5-litre diesel (Engine Code 11J, 12J, 13J, 14J and 15J)|''11J/12J'']] diesel I4 (1984–1993)|2.5 L [[Land Rover engines#2.5-litre petrol engine (Engine Code 17H)|''17H'']] petrol I4 (1985–1993)|2.5 L [[Land Rover engines#Diesel Turbo (Engine Code 19J)|''Diesel Turbo'']] [[turbodiesel]] I4 (1986–1990)|3.5 L ''[[Rover V8 engine|Rover V8]]'' petrol [[V8 engine|V8]] (1983–1986)|3.5 L ''[[Rover V8 engine|Rover V8]]'' petrol V8 (1986–1993)}}
| transmission={{unbulleted list|4-speed ''LT95'' [[manual transmission|manual]]|5-speed ''LT77'' [[manual transmission|manual]]|5-speed ''LT85'' [[manual transmission|manual]]}}
| wheelbase={{unbulleted list|{{convert|92.9|in|mm|0|abbr=on}} (90)|{{convert|110|in|mm|0|abbr=on}} (110)|{{convert|127|in|mm|0|abbr=on}} (127)}}
| length={{unbulleted list|{{convert|160.5|in|mm|0|abbr=on}} (90)|{{convert|181.1|in|mm|0|abbr=on}} (110)}}
| width={{convert|70.5|in|mm|0|abbr=on}}
| height={{unbulleted list|{{convert|80.2|in|mm|0|abbr=on}} (90)|{{convert|84|in|mm|0|abbr=on}} (110)}}
| layout=
| caption=1985 Land Rover 110 County
}}

Production of the model now known as the Defender began in 1983 as the Land Rover One Ten, a name which reflected the 110-inch (2,800mm) length of the wheelbase. The Land Rover Ninety, with {{convert|92.9|in|mm|0|adj=on}} wheelbase, and Land Rover 127, with {{convert|127|in|mm|0|adj=on}} wheelbase, soon followed. All measurements were metric, but communicated in the closest imperial terms familiar to the predecessor Series 3 88” and 109” models. <ref name="The Land Rover File">{{cite book|title=Land Rover File: All Models Since 1947|first=Eric|last=Dymock|publisher=Dove|year=2007|isbn=978-0-9534142-8-4}}</ref>

Superficially, there is little to distinguish the post-1983 vehicles from the Series III Land Rover. A full-length bonnet, revised grille, plus the fitting of wheel arch extensions to cover wider-track axles are the most noticeable changes. Initially the conservative engineering department insisted that the One Ten was also available with a part-time 4WD system familiar to derivatives produced since 1949. However, the part-time system failed to sell and was quickly dropped from the options list by 1984. While the engines and other body panels carried over from the [[Land Rover Series III|Series III]], mechanically the Ninety and One Ten were modernised, including:

* [[Coil spring]]s, offering a more compliant ride and improved axle articulation
* A permanent four-wheel-drive system derived from the [[Range Rover Classic|Range Rover]], featuring a two-speed transfer gearbox with a lockable centre differential
* A modernised interior
* A taller one-piece windscreen
* Uprated engines: One diesel and two petrol

The One Ten was launched in 1983, and the Ninety followed in 1984. From 1984, wind-up windows were fitted (Initial 110s had sliding panels), and a {{convert|2.5|L|cuin|0|adj=on}}, {{convert|68|hp}} diesel engine was introduced. This was based on the earlier {{convert|2.3|L|cuin|adj=on}} engine, but had a more modern fuel-injection system as well as increased capacity. A low compression version of the {{convert|3.5|L|cuin|0|adj=on}} V8 Range Rover engine improved performance. It was initially available in the 110 with a Range Rover LT95 four-speed transmission with integral transfer case and vacuum operated differential lock, then later in conjunction with a high strength "Santana" five-speed transmission.<ref name="Fifty Years of the Best 4x4xFar">{{cite book|title=Fifty Years of the Best 4x4xFar|first1=Pfannmuller|last1=Matthias|first2=Boris|last2=Schmidt|year=1998|publisher=Autovision|isbn=3-9805832-0-1}}</ref>

===L315 model===
In recognition of a number of changes the Defender is designated as L315 Land Rover from model year 1987 to 2006.  This period saw Land Rover market the utility Land Rover as a private recreational vehicle. While the basic pick-up, [[Sport utility vehicle|4x4]] and van versions were still working vehicles, the County 4x4s were sold as multi-purpose family vehicles, featuring improved interior trim and more comfortable seats. This change was reflected in Land Rover starting what had long been common practice in the car industry: detail changes and improvements to the County model from year to year in order to attract new buyers and to encourage existing owners to trade in for a new vehicle. These changes included different exterior styling graphics and colour options, and the introduction of new options such as radio-cassette players, air-conditioning, Rostyle wheels, headlamp wash and wipe systems, as well as accessories such as [[surfboard]] carriers and [[bicycle|bike]] racks. 

===The One Two Seven===
[[File:Land Rover Defender 130 expedition.jpg|thumb|Fully equipped Land Rover Defender 130 TD4]]
[[File:Land Rover Defender 90 with bimobil camper module 2016 Vilnius.jpg|thumb|127" chassis with double cab and ''bimobil'' camper module]]
From 1983, Land Rover introduced a third wheelbase to its utility line-up, a {{convert|127|in|mm|0|adj=on}} wheelbase vehicle designed to accommodate larger, heavier loads than the One Ten. Called the "Land Rover One Two Seven", it was designed specifically with use by utility companies in mind, as well as military usage.<ref name="The Land Rover File"/> In its standard form, it is a four-door six-seater consisting of the front half of a One Ten 4x4, and the rear of a One Ten high-capacity pick up (HCPU). Logic was that this allowed a workcrew and their equipment to be carried in one vehicle at the same time. The One Two Seven could carry up to a {{convert|1.4|t}} payload, compared to the {{convert|1.03|t}} payload of the One Ten and the {{convert|0.6|t}} of the Ninety.

Land Rover One Two Sevens were built on a special production line, and all started life as One Ten 4x4 chassis (the model was initially marketed as the One Ten crew cab, before the more logical One Two Seven name was adopted). These were then cut in two and the {{convert|17|in|mm|0}} of extra chassis length welded on before the two original halves were reunited. These models did not receive their own dedicated badging like the other two models: instead they used the same metal grille badges as used on the Series III 109 V8 models, that simply said "Land-Rover".
Although the standard body-style was popular, the One Two Seven was a common basis for conversion to specialist uses, such as mobile workshops, ambulances, fire engines and flatbed transports. In South Africa, the Land Rover assembly plant offered a One Two Seven 4x4 with seating for 15. Land Rover also offered the One Two Seven as a bare chassis, with just front bodywork and bulkhead, for easy conversion.

[[File:100715rk PL02845 cut4000.jpg|thumb|[[Land Rover Defender 130CC-R(hino)|Defender 130CC / Project Rhino]]]]
Initially held back by the low power of the Land Rover engines (other than the thirsty petrol [[V8 engine]]), the One Two Seven benefited from the improvements to the line-up, and by 1990 was only available with the two highest power engines, the {{convert|134|hp|kW|0|abbr=on}} 3.5-litre V8 petrol, and the {{convert|85|hp|kW|0|abbr=on}} 2.5-litre turbo diesel .

===Engine development===
The original One Ten of 1983 was available with the same engine line-up as the [[Land Rover Series|Series III]] vehicles it replaced, namely {{convert|2.25|L|cuin|adj=on}} petrol and diesel engines, and a {{convert|3.5|L|cuin|adj=on}} V8 petrol unit. In 1981, the 2.25 L engines were upgraded from three- to five-[[crankshaft]] [[Bearing (mechanical)|bearing]]s in preparation for the planned increases in capacity and power. The five bearing version was known as the 2.3-litre to differentiate it despite having the same displacement.

The 2.5-litre version of the diesel engine, displacing {{convert|2495|cc|cuin}} and producing {{convert|68|hp|kW|0|abbr=on}}, was introduced in both the One Ten and the newly arrived Ninety. This was a long-[[stroke (engine)|stroke]] version of the venerable 2.25-litre unit, fitted with updated [[fuel injection]] equipment and a revised [[cylinder head]] for quieter, smoother and more efficient running. A [[timing belt (camshaft)|timing belt]] also replaced the older engine's [[roller chain|chain]]. Despite these improvements the engine was underpowered and unrefined in comparison with the competition.

In 1985 the [[petrol]] units were upgraded. An enlarged four-cylinder engine was introduced. This {{convert|83|hp|abbr=on}} engine shared the same [[engine block|block]] and [[water cooling|cooling]] system (as well as other ancillary components) as the diesel unit. Unlike the diesel engine, this new 2.5-litre petrol engine retained the chain-driven [[camshaft]] of its 2.25-litre predecessor. At the same time, the {{convert|114|hp|kW|0|abbr=on}} V8 was also made available in the Ninety: the first time a production short-[[wheelbase]] Land Rover had been given V8 power. The V8 on both models was now mated to an all-new five-speed LT85 [[manual gearbox]].

The year 1986 saw improvements in engines to match the more advanced offerings by Japanese competitors. The "Diesel Turbo" engine was introduced in September, a lightly [[turbo-diesel|turbocharged]] version of the existing 2.5-litre diesel, with several changes to suit the higher power output, including a re-designed [[crankshaft]], [[teflon]]-coated [[piston]]s and [[nimonic]] [[steel]] exhaust valves to cope with the higher internal temperatures.<ref name="The Land Rover File"/><ref name=utilitytest>{{cite journal|journal=Truck|date=December 1986|ref=truck1286|page=64|editor-last=Barden|editor-first=Paul|title=Utility Test: Land Rover Turbo Diesel|location=London, UK|publisher=FF Publishing Ltd}}</ref> Similarly, an eight-bladed [[Fan (mechanical)|cooling fan]] was fitted, together with an oil cooler. The changes for the turbo diesel were kept as slight as possible, in the aim of making the car saleable in Land Rover's traditional export markets across the globe.<ref>[[#truck1286|''Truck'', December 1986]], p. 65</ref>

The 2.5 diesel, 2.5 petrol and Turbo Diesel engines all shared the same [[cylinder block|block]] castings and other components such as valve-gear and cooling system parts, allowing them to be built on the same production line. The Turbo Diesel produced {{convert|85|hp|abbr=on}}, a 13% increase over the [[naturally aspirated]] unit, and a 31.5% increase in torque to {{convert|150|lbft|Nm|0|abbr=on}} at 1,800 rpm. Externally, turbo diesel vehicles differed from other models only by having an air intake grille in the left-hand wing to supply cool air to the turbo. Early turbo-diesel engines gained a reputation for poor reliability, with major failures to the bottom-end and cracked pistons. A revised [[cylinder block|block]] and improved [[big end]] bearings were introduced in 1988, and a re-designed breather system in 1989. These largely solved the engine's problems, but it remained (like many early turbo-diesels) prone to failure if maintenance was neglected.

At the same time that the Turbo Diesel was introduced, the V8 engine was upgraded. Power was increased to {{convert|134|hp|kW|0|abbr=on}}, and [[SU carburetor|SU]] [[Carburetor|carburettors]] replaced the [[Zenith Carburetters|Zenith]] models used on earlier V8s.

===Sales turnaround===

The new vehicles with their more modern engines, transmissions, and interiors reversed the huge decline in sales that took place in the 1980s (a 21% fall in a single year, 1980–1981). This growth was mainly in the domestic UK market and Europe. African, Australian and Middle-Eastern sales failed to recover significantly – Land Rover had not been immune to the poor reputation caused by substandard build quality and unreliability which had afflicted the rest of [[British Leyland]], of which Land Rover was still part. In these markets Japanese vehicles such as the [[Toyota Landcruiser]] and [[Nissan Patrol]] gradually took over what had been a lucrative export market for Land Rover for decades. Meanwhile, the company itself adopted more modern practices, such as using marketing campaigns to attract new buyers who would not previously have been expected to buy a Land Rover. The operation was streamlined, with most of the satellite factories in the West Midlands that built parts for the Land Rover being closed and production brought into the [[Solihull]] factory, which was expanded.