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Lexicostatistics
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===Create word list=== The aim is to generate a list of universally used meanings (hand, mouth, sky, I). Words are then collected for these meaning slots for each language being considered. Swadesh reduced a larger set of meanings down to 200 originally. He later found that it was necessary to reduce it further but that he could include some meanings that were not in his original list, giving his later 100-item list. The [[Swadesh list]] in [[Wiktionary]] gives the total 207 meanings in a number of languages. Alternative lists that apply more rigorous criteria have been generated, e.g. the [[Dolgopolsky list]] and the [[Leipzig–Jakarta list]], as well as lists with a more specific scope; for example, [[Isidore Dyen|Dyen]], [[Joseph Kruskal|Kruskal]] and Black have 200 meanings for 84 [[Indo-European languages]] in digital form.<ref name=Dyen&al1992>{{cite journal |last1=Dyen |first1=Isidore |last2=Kruskal |first2=Joseph |last3=Black |first3=Paul |title=An Indoeuropean Classification, a Lexicostatistical Experiment |journal=Transactions of the American Philosophical Society |date=1992 |volume=82 |issue=5|pages=iii–132 |doi=10.2307/1006517 |jstor=1006517 }}</ref>
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