Editing Library (section)

==Functions==
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Libraries may provide physical or digital access to material, and may be a physical location, virtual space, or both (hybrid). A library's collection can include [[book]]s, [[Periodical literature|periodicals]], [[newspaper]]s, [[manuscript]]s, [[film]]s, [[map collection|maps]], [[print room|prints]], [[document]]s, [[microform]], [[compact disc|CDs]], [[Compact Cassette|cassettes]], [[videotape]]s, [[DVD]]s, [[Blu-ray|Blu-ray Discs]], [[e-book]]s, [[audiobook]]s, [[database]]s, [[Tabletop game|table games]], [[video game]]s, and other formats. Libraries range widely in size, up to millions of items.

Libraries often provide quiet spaces for private studying, common areas to facilitate group study and collaboration, and public facilities for access to their electronic resources and the [[Internet]]. Public and institutional collections and services may be intended for use by people who choose not to—or cannot afford to—purchase an extensive collection themselves, who need material no individual can reasonably be expected to have, or who require professional assistance with their research.<ref>{{Cite news|last=Howard|first=Jennifer|date=Fall 2019|title=The Complicated Role of the Public Library|work=Humanities: the Magazine of the National Endowment of the Humanities|url=https://www.neh.gov/article/complicated-role-modern-public-library|access-date=24 October 2021|archive-date=24 October 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211024171313/https://www.neh.gov/article/complicated-role-modern-public-library|url-status=live}}</ref>

Services offered by a library are variously described as library services, information services, or the combination "library and information services", although different institutions and sources define such terminology differently. Organizations or departments are often called by one of these names.<ref>{{cite web | title=Library & Information Service | website=[[Institute of Chartered Accountants in England and Wales]] | url=https://www.icaew.com/library | access-date=6 March 2021 | archive-date=4 March 2021 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210304185405/https://www.icaew.com/library | url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|title=Types of Library and Information Service|date=1 February 1986|journal=Management Decision|volume=24|issue=2|pages=8–24|url=https://doi.org/10.1108/eb001400|doi=10.1108/eb001400|access-date=6 March 2021|archive-date=24 February 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220224103506/https://www.emerald.com/insight/content/doi/10.1108/eb001400/full/html|url-status=live|url-access=subscription}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.jcu.edu.au/division-of-student-life/documents/LIS-org-chart-Updated-January-2017-Position-Titles-only.pdf|title=A quick guide to services provided by Library & Information Services|website=[[James Cook University]]|access-date=6 March 2021|archive-date=18 April 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210418051956/https://www.jcu.edu.au/division-of-student-life/documents/LIS-org-chart-Updated-January-2017-Position-Titles-only.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | title=Reference and Information Service | website=Rutgers University Libraries | date=27 April 2000 | url=https://www.libraries.rutgers.edu/public_service_policies/pspm_02_reference_information_service | access-date=6 March 2021 | archive-date=13 April 2021 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210413184014/https://www.libraries.rutgers.edu/public_service_policies/pspm_02_reference_information_service | url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal | last1=Marshall | first1=Joanne Gard | last2=Sollenberger | first2=Julia | last3=Easterby-Gannett | first3=Sharon | last4=Morgan | first4=Lynn Kasner | last5=Klem | first5=Mary Lou | last6=Cavanaugh | first6=Susan K. | last7=Oliver | first7=Kathleen Burr | last8=Thompson | first8=Cheryl A. | last9=Romanosky | first9=Neil | last10=Hunter | first10=Sue|display-authors=2 | title=The value of library and information services in patient care: results of a multisite study | journal=[[Journal of the Medical Library Association]] | year=2013 | volume=101 | issue=1 | pages=38–46 | pmid=23418404 | doi=10.3163/1536-5050.101.1.007 | pmc=3543128 | doi-access=free }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://worksafe.tas.gov.au/__data/assets/pdf_file/0003/571539/COVID-Safe-Workplace-Guidelines-Library-and-Other-Information-Services.pdf|title=COVID Safe Workplace Guidelines: Library and other information services industry|author=[[Government of Tasmania]]|date=29 January 2021|access-date=6 March 2021|archive-date=8 March 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210308170330/https://www.worksafe.tas.gov.au/__data/assets/pdf_file/0003/571539/COVID-Safe-Workplace-Guidelines-Library-and-Other-Information-Services.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | title=Information and research services principles | website=National and State Libraries Australia | date=29 March 2019 | url=https://www.nsla.org.au/publication/information-and-research-services-principles | access-date=6 March 2021 | archive-date=10 March 2021 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210310132722/https://www.nsla.org.au/publication/information-and-research-services-principles | url-status=live }}</ref>

=== Internal organization ===
[[File:HK Wan Chai Library Inside Bookcase a.jpg|thumb|Library shelves in [[Hong Kong]], showing numbers of the classification scheme to help readers locate works in that section]]
Most libraries have materials arranged in a specified order according to a [[library classification]] system, so that items may be located quickly and collections browsed efficiently.<ref>{{cite web |title=Library classification |url=https://www.britannica.com/science/library-classification |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210416234738/https://www.britannica.com/science/library-classification |archive-date=16 April 2021 |access-date=17 October 2017 |publisher=Encyclopædia Britannica}}</ref> Some libraries have additional galleries beyond the public ones, where "reference" materials are stored. These reference stacks may be open to selected members of the public while others may require patrons to submit a "stack request" –  a request for an assistant to retrieve the material from the closed stacks: see [[List of closed stack libraries]].

Larger libraries are often divided into departments staffed by both paraprofessionals and professional librarians. Their department names and occupational designations may change depending on their location and the needs of the library.
* Circulation (or Access Services/Stacks Maintenance) – Handles user accounts and the loaning/returning and shelving of materials.<ref>Morris, V. & Bullard, J. (2009). Circulation Services. In ''Encyclopedia of Library and Information Sciences'' (3rd ed.).</ref>
* [[Collection development|Collection Development]] – Orders materials and maintains materials budgets.
* Reference – Staffs a [[reference desk]] answering questions from users (using structured [[reference interview]]s), instructing users, and developing library programming. Reference may be further broken down by user groups or materials; common collections are [[children's literature]], [[Young adult fiction|young adult literature]], and [[genealogy]] materials.
* Electronic Library – Responsible for providing information to users via electronic means.
* Technical Services – Works behind the scenes cataloging and processing new materials and deaccessioning [[Weeding (library)|weeded materials]].
[[File:2009 3962573662 card catalog.jpg|thumb|Until the advent of digital catalogues, [[Library catalog|card catalogues]] were the traditional method of organizing the list of resources and their location within a large library.]]
Basic tasks in [[library management]] include planning acquisitions (which materials the library should acquire, by purchase or otherwise), classifying and preserving items (especially rare and fragile archival materials such as manuscripts), deaccessioning materials, patron borrowing, and developing and administering library computer systems and technology.<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Stueart |first1=Robert |title=Library and information center management |last2=Moran |first2=Barbara B. |last3=Morner |first3=Claudia J. |publisher=Libraries Unlimited |year=2013 |isbn=978-1-59884-988-2 |edition=Eighth |location=Santa Barbara |oclc=780481202}}</ref> More long-term issues include planning the construction of new libraries or extensions to existing ones, and the development and implementation of outreach services and reading-enhancement services (such as adult literacy and children's programming). Library materials like books, magazines, periodicals, CDs, etc. are managed using a library classification system such as the [[Dewey Decimal Classification|Dewey Decimal]] Classification Theory, though libraries will usually adjust their classification system to fit their needs.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Bhattacharjee |first1=Pijush Kanti |date=2010 |title=Modified Dewey Decimal Classification Theory for Library Materials Management |url=https://www.ijimt.org/list-24-1.html |url-status=live |journal=International Journal of Innovation, Management and Technology |volume=1 |issue=3 |pages=292–94 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220117232540/http://www.ijimt.org/list-24-1.html |archive-date=17 January 2022 |access-date=24 February 2022}}</ref>
The [[International Organization for Standardization]] (ISO) has published several standards regarding the management of libraries through its Technical Committee 46 (TC 46),<ref>{{cite web |title=ISO – Technical committees – TC 46 – Information and documentation |url=https://www.iso.org/iso/standards_development/technical_committees/list_of_iso_technical_committees/iso_technical_committee.htm?commid=48750 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100703090332/http://www.iso.org/iso/standards_development/technical_committees/list_of_iso_technical_committees/iso_technical_committee.htm?commid=48750 |archive-date=3 July 2010 |access-date=7 March 2010 |publisher=ISO.org}}</ref> which is focused on "libraries, documentation and information centers, publishing, archives, records management, museum documentation, indexing and abstracting services, and information science". The following is a partial list of some of them:<ref>{{cite web |title=ISO – ISO Standards – TC 46 – Information and documentation |url=https://www.iso.org/iso/iso_catalogue/catalogue_tc/catalogue_tc_browse.htm?commid=48750 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100703204803/http://www.iso.org/iso/iso_catalogue/catalogue_tc/catalogue_tc_browse.htm?commid=48750 |archive-date=3 July 2010 |access-date=7 March 2010 |publisher=ISO.org}}</ref>
* ISO 2789:2006 Information and documentation—International library statistics
* ISO 11620:1998 Information and documentation—Library performance indicators
* ISO 11799:2003 Information and documentation—Document storage requirements for archive and library materials
* ISO 14416:2003 Information and documentation—Requirements for binding of books, periodicals, serials, and other paper documents for archive and library use—Methods and materials
* ISO/TR 20983:2003 Information and documentation—Performance indicators for electronic library services

=== Usage ===
[[File:Interior, National Library of Finland, 2019 (02).jpg|thumb|Interior of the [[National Library of Finland]] in [[Helsinki]]]]
Some patrons may not know how to fully utilize library resources, or feel unease in approaching a staff member. Ways in which a library's content is displayed or accessed may have an impact on use. An antiquated or clumsy search system, or staff unwilling or not properly trained to engage their patrons, will limit a library's usefulness. In the [[public library|public libraries]] of the United States, beginning in the 19th century, these problems drove the emergence of the [[library instruction]] movement, which advocated library user education.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Weiss |first=S.C. |date=2003 |title=The origin of library instruction in the United States, 1820–1900 |journal=Research Strategies |volume=19 |issue=3/4 |pages=233–43 |doi=10.1016/j.resstr.2004.11.001}}</ref> One of the early leaders was [[John Cotton Dana]].<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Mattson |first=K. |date=2000 |title=The librarian as secular minister to democracy: The life and ideas of John Cotton Dana |journal=Libraries & Culture |volume=35 |issue=4 |pages=514–34}}</ref> The basic form of library instruction is sometimes known as [[information literacy]].<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Robinson |first=T.E. |date=2006 |title=Information literacy: Adapting to the media age |journal=Alki |volume=22 |issue=1 |pages=10–12}}</ref>

Libraries should inform their users of what materials are available in their collections and how to access that information. Before the computer age, this was accomplished by the card [[library catalog|catalogue]]—a cabinet (or multiple cabinets) containing many drawers filled with [[index card]]s that identified books and other materials. In a large library, the card catalogue often filled a large room.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Parks |first=Amelia |date=2025-05-19 |title=Preservation in Motion: Moving the Library’s Card Catalog {{!}} Guardians of Memory |url=https://blogs.loc.gov/preservation/2025/05/moving-the-card-catalog/ |access-date=2025-05-23 |website=The Library of Congress}}</ref>

The emergence of [[desktop computer]]s and the [[Internet]], however, has led to the adoption of electronic catalogue databases (often referred to as "webcats" or as [[online public access catalog]]ues, OPACs), which allow users to search the library's holdings from any location with Internet access.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Sloan |first1=B |last2=White |first2=M.S.B. |date=1992 |title=Online public access catalogs |journal=Academic and Library Computing |volume=9 |issue=2 |pages=9–13 |doi=10.1108/EUM0000000003734}}</ref> This style of catalogue maintenance is compatible with new types of libraries, such as [[digital library|digital libraries]] and [[distributed library|distributed libraries]], as well as older libraries that have been [[retrofitting|retrofitted]]. Large libraries may be scattered within multiple buildings across a town, each having multiple floors, with multiple rooms housing their resources across a series of shelves called [[Bay (shelving)|bays]]. Once a user has located a resource within the catalogue, they must then use navigational guidance to retrieve the resource physically, a process that may be assisted through signage, maps, [[GPS]] systems, or [[RFID]] tagging.{{citation needed|date=March 2021}}

[[Finland]] has the highest number of registered book borrowers per capita in the world. Over half of Finland's population are registered borrowers.<ref>{{cite web |last=Pantzar |first=Katja |date=September 2010 |title=The humble Number One: Finland |url=https://finland.fi/public/default.aspx?contentid=160064&contentlan=2&culture=en-US |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110813045018/http://finland.fi/public/default.aspx?contentid=160064&contentlan=2&culture=en-US |archive-date=13 August 2011 |access-date=17 March 2012 |publisher=This is Finland}}</ref> In the US, public library users have borrowed on average roughly 15 books per user per year from 1856 to 1978. From 1978 to 2004, book circulation per user declined approximately 50%. The growth of audiovisuals circulation, estimated at 25% of total circulation in 2004, accounts for about half of this decline.<ref>{{cite web |last=Galbi |first=Douglas |date=July 29, 2007 |title=Book Circulation Per U.S. Public Library Iser Since 1856 |url=https://galbithink.org/libraries/circulation.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211128055200/http://galbithink.org/libraries/circulation.htm |archive-date=28 November 2021 |access-date=May 7, 2022 |website=GALB}}</ref>

=== Relationship with the Internet ===
[[File:Howard Tilton Library Computers 2010.jpg|thumb|Library patrons using the Internet at Howard Tilton Library at [[Tulane University]] in [[New Orleans]], Louisiana]]
A library may make use of the [[Internet]] in a number of ways, from creating its own [[library website]] to making the contents of its [[Online public access catalog|catalogues searchable online]]. Some specialised search engines such as [[Google Scholar]] offer a way to facilitate searching for academic resources such as journal articles and research papers. The [[OCLC|Online Computer Library Center]] allows anyone to search the world's largest repository of library records through its [[WorldCat]] online database.<ref name="Grossman(2009)">{{cite web |last=Grossman |first=Wendy M. |date=January 21, 2009 |title=Why you can't find a library book in your search engine |url=https://www.theguardian.com/technology/2009/jan/22/library-search-engines-books |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140114010642/http://www.theguardian.com/technology/2009/jan/22/library-search-engines-books |archive-date=14 January 2014 |access-date=May 7, 2022 |website=The Guardian}}</ref> Websites such as [[LibraryThing]] and [[Amazon.com|Amazon]] provide abstracts, reviews, and recommendations of books.<ref name="Grossman(2009)" /> Libraries provide computers and Internet access to allow people to search for information online.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Mostafa |first1=J |year=2005 |title=Seeking Better Web Searches |journal=Scientific American |volume=292 |issue=2 |pages=51–57 |bibcode=2005SciAm.292b..66M |doi=10.1038/scientificamerican0205-66 |pmid=15715393}}</ref> Online information access is particularly attractive to younger library users.<ref>{{cite journal |last=Corradini |first=Elena |date=November 2006 |title=Teenagers analyse their public library |url=https://www.emerald.com/insight/content/doi/10.1108/03074800610713307/full/html |journal=New Library World |volume=107 |issue=11 |pages=481–498 |doi=10.1108/03074800610713307 |access-date=May 7, 2022|url-access=subscription }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |date=July 2005 |title=Youth Matters |url=https://publications.dcsf.gov.uk/eOrderingDownload/Cm6629.pdf |archive-url=http://webarchive.nationalarchives.gov.uk/20100408192702/http%3A//publications.dcsf.gov.uk/eOrderingDownload/Cm6629.pdf |archive-date=8 April 2010 |access-date=May 7, 2022 |website=The National Archives}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Nippold |first1=M.A. |last2=Duthie |first2=J.K. |last3=Larsen |first3=J. |name-list-style=amp |date=2005 |title=Literacy as a Leisure Activity: Free-time preferences of Older Children and Young Adolescents |journal=Language, Speech, and Hearing Services in Schools |volume=36 |issue=2 |pages=93–102 |doi=10.1044/0161-1461(2005/009) |pmid=15981705}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last=Snowball |first=Clare |date=February 2008 |title=Enticing Teenagers into the Library |journal=Library Review |publisher=Emerald Group Publishing |volume=57 |issue=1 |pages=25–35 |doi=10.1108/00242530810845035 |hdl-access=free |hdl=20.500.11937/6057}}</ref><ref name="MLA, DCMS, LASER(2006)">{{cite report |url=https://research.mla.gov.uk/evidence/documents/Research_study_of_14_35_year_olds_for_the_future_development_of_public_libraries_9841.pdf |title=A Research Study of 14–35-year olds for the Future Development of Public Libraries |author=Museums, Libraries and Archives, Department of Culture, Media and Sport & Laser Foundation |date=June 2006 |publisher=MLA |access-date=May 7, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120305095112/https://research.mla.gov.uk/evidence/documents/Research_study_of_14_35_year_olds_for_the_future_development_of_public_libraries_9841.pdf |archive-date=5 March 2012}}</ref>

[[Digitizing|Digitization]] of books, particularly those that are [[Out of print|out-of-print]], in projects such as [[Google Books]] provides resources for library and other online users. Due to their holdings of valuable material, some libraries are important partners for search engines such as [[Google]] in realizing the potential of such projects and have received reciprocal benefits in cases where they have negotiated effectively.<ref name="Darnton(2009)">{{cite magazine |last=Darnton |first=Robert |date=February 12, 2009 |title=Google & the Future of Books |url=https://www.nybooks.com/articles/22281 |volume=56 |issue=2 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100330223716/http://www.nybooks.com/articles/22281 |archive-date=30 March 2010 |access-date=May 7, 2022 |website=New York Review of Books}}</ref> As the prominence of and reliance on the Internet has grown, library services have moved the emphasis from mainly providing print resources to providing more computers and more [[Internet access]].<ref>{{cite journal |last=Garrod |first=Penny |date=April 30, 2004 |title=Public Libraries: the changing face of the public library |url=https://www.ariadne.ac.uk/issue39/public-libraries/ |journal=Ariadne |issue=39 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181215122155/http://www.ariadne.ac.uk/issue39/public-libraries/ |archive-date=15 December 2018 |access-date=May 7, 2022}}</ref> Libraries face a number of challenges in adapting to new ways of [[information seeking]] that may stress convenience over quality,<ref>{{cite web |last1=Abram |first1=Stephen |last2=Luther |first2=Judy |date=1 May 2004 |title=Born with the Chip: the next generation will profoundly impact both library service and the culture within the profession |url=https://lj.libraryjournal.com/2004/05/ljarchives/born-with-the-chip/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130914202820/http://lj.libraryjournal.com/2004/05/ljarchives/born-with-the-chip/ |archive-date=September 14, 2013 |website=Library Journal}}</ref> reducing the priority of [[information literacy]] skills.<ref name="Bell(2005)">{{cite web |last=Bell |first=S. |date=15 May 2005 |title=Backtalk: don't surrender library values |url=https://www.libraryjournal.com/article/CA601026.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120612052503/https://www.libraryjournal.com/article/CA601026.html |archive-date=12 June 2012 |access-date=20 April 2010 |website=Library Journal}}</ref> The potential decline in library usage, particularly [[Reference desk|reference services]],<ref>{{cite web |last=Novotny |first=Eric |date=September 2002 |title=Reference service statistics and assessment |url=https://www.arl.org/bm~doc/spec268web.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120524162917/http://www.arl.org/bm~doc/spec268web.pdf |archive-date=24 May 2012 |access-date=May 7, 2022 |publisher=Pennsylvania State University}}</ref> puts the necessity for these services in doubt.

[[File:Fukuchiyama Public Library 2F ac (5).jpg|thumb|Library [[carrel desk]] at Fukuchiyama Public Library in [[Fukuchiyama, Kyoto|Fukuchiyama]], Japan]]
Library scholars have acknowledged that libraries need to address the ways that they market their services if they are to compete with the Internet and mitigate the risk of losing users.<ref>Vrana, R., and Barbaric, A. (2007). "Improving visibility of public libraries in the local community: a study of five public libraries in Zagreb, Croatia". ''New Library World''; 108 (9/10), pp. 435–44.</ref> This includes promoting the information literacy skills training considered vital across the library profession.<ref name="Bell(2005)" /><ref name="CILIP(2010)" /><ref name="Kenney(2004)">{{cite web |last=Kenney |first=B. |date=15 December 2004 |title=Googlizers vs. Resistors: library leaders debate our relationship with search engines |url=https://www.libraryjournal.com/article/CA485756.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050608080512/https://www.libraryjournal.com/article/CA485756.html |archive-date=8 June 2005 |access-date=26 March 2010 |website=Library Journal}}</ref> Many US-based research librarians rely on the [[Association of College and Research Libraries|ACRL]] Framework for Information Literacy in order to guide students and faculty in research.<ref>{{Cite web |last=DMUELLER |date=2015-02-09 |title=Framework for Information Literacy for Higher Education |url=https://www.ala.org/acrl/standards/ilframework |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211028165419/https://www.ala.org/acrl/standards/ilframework |archive-date=28 October 2021 |access-date=2021-10-28 |website=Association of College & Research Libraries (ACRL) |language=en}}</ref> However, marketing of services has to be adequately supported financially in order to be successful. This can be problematic for library services that are publicly funded and find it difficult to justify diverting tight funds to apparently peripheral areas such as branding and marketing.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Hood |first1=David |last2=Henderson |first2=Kay |date=2005 |title=Branding in the United Kingdom Public Library Service |url=https://www.emerald.com/insight/content/doi/10.1108/03074800510575320/full/html |journal=New Library World |volume=106 |issue=1 |pages=16–28 |doi=10.1108/03074800510575320 |access-date=May 7, 2022|url-access=subscription }}</ref>

The [[privacy]] aspect of library usage in the Internet age is a matter of growing concern and advocacy; privacy workshops are run by the [[Library Freedom Project]] which teach librarians about digital tools (such as the [[Tor (network)|Tor network]]) to thwart mass surveillance.<ref>{{cite web |title=SCREW YOU, FEDS! Dozen or more US libraries line up to run Tor exit nodes |date=17 Sep 2015  |first1=Kieren |last1=McCarthy |url=https://www.theregister.co.uk/2015/09/17/library_freedom_project_dozen_more_tor_nodes/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170918013636/http://www.theregister.co.uk/2015/09/17/library_freedom_project_dozen_more_tor_nodes/ |archive-date=18 September 2017 |access-date=2015-09-21 |publisher=The Register}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Libraries, Tor, Freedom and Resistance |url=https://libraryfreedomproject.org/libraries-tor-freedom-and-resistance/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150928192107/https://libraryfreedomproject.org/libraries-tor-freedom-and-resistance/ |archive-date=28 September 2015 |publisher=Library Freedom Project at Kilton Library}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last=Macrina |first=Alison |date=2015 |title=Accidental Technologist: The Tor Browser and Intellectual Freedom in the Digital Age |url=https://journals.ala.org/rusq/article/view/5704/7092 |journal=Reference & User Services Quarterly |volume=54 |issue=4 |page=17 |doi=10.5860/rusq.54n4.17 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150930181434/https://journals.ala.org/rusq/article/view/5704/7092 |archive-date=30 September 2015|doi-access=free }}</ref>