Editing Likud (section)

===Shamir and Netanyahu's first term===
[[File:Menachem Begin, Andrews AFB, 1978.JPG|thumb|180px|Likud founder [[Menachem Begin]]]]
On 28 August 1983 Begin announced his intention to resign as [[Prime Minister of Israel|prime minister]].<ref>{{cite news |last1=Hart |first1=William |date=29 August 1983 |title=Jewish leaders cite many factors leading to Begin's resignation |url=https://www.newspapers.com/image/97836595 |url-access=subscription |access-date=15 February 2022 |via=Newspapers.com |newspaper=Detroit Free Press |language=en |archive-date=16 February 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220216005358/http://www.newspapers.com/image/97836595/ |url-status=live }}</ref> He was replaced by [[Yitzhak Shamir]], a former commander of the [[Lehi (militant group)|Lehi]] underground, who defeated [[Deputy prime minister of Israel|Deputy Prime Minister]] [[David Levy (Israeli politician)|David Levy]] in a [[1983 Herut leadership election|leadership election]] held by Herut's central committee.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Shipler |first=David K. |date=1983-09-03 |title=Shamir Wins the Backing of Factions in the Coalition |language=en-US |work=The New York Times |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1983/09/03/world/shamir-wins-the-backing-of-factions-in-the-coalition.html |access-date=2022-11-03 |issn=0362-4331 |archive-date=3 November 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221103004142/https://www.nytimes.com/1983/09/03/world/shamir-wins-the-backing-of-factions-in-the-coalition.html |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Brinkley |first=Joel |date=2012-06-30 |title=Yitzhak Shamir, Former Israeli Prime Minister, Dies at 96 |language=en-US |work=The New York Times |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2012/07/01/world/middleeast/yitzhak-shamir-former-prime-minister-of-israel-dies-at-96.html |access-date=2022-11-03 |issn=0362-4331 |archive-date=3 November 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221103004143/https://www.nytimes.com/2012/07/01/world/middleeast/yitzhak-shamir-former-prime-minister-of-israel-dies-at-96.html |url-status=live }}</ref> Shamir was seen as a hard-liner, who opposed the Camp David accords and [[Israeli occupation of Southern Lebanon|Israel's withdrawal from Southern Lebanon]].<ref>{{Cite news |last1=Friedman |first1=Thomas L. |date=1986-10-21 |title=Man in the News; Israel's Other Half: Yitzhak Shamir |language=en-US |work=The New York Times |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1986/10/21/world/man-in-the-news-israel-s-other-half-yitzhak-shamir.html |access-date=2022-11-03 |issn=0362-4331 |archive-date=3 November 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221103004145/https://www.nytimes.com/1986/10/21/world/man-in-the-news-israel-s-other-half-yitzhak-shamir.html |url-status=live }}</ref> The party won 41 seats in the [[1984 Israeli legislative election|1984 election]], less than the Alignment's 44. The Alignment was unable to form a government on its own, leading to the formation of a [[rotation government]], led jointly by the Alignment and Likud. [[Shimon Peres]] became the prime minister, with Shamir becoming the [[Ministry of Foreign Affairs (Israel)|foreign minister]].<ref>{{Cite web |script-title=he:בחירות 1984 |url=https://www.idi.org.il/policy/parties-and-elections/elections/1984/ |access-date=2022-11-05 |website=[[Israel Democracy Institute]] |language=he |archive-date=25 November 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221125132109/https://www.idi.org.il/policy/parties-and-elections/elections/1984/ |url-status=live }}</ref> In October 1986, the two switched posts.<ref>{{Cite news |last= |first= |date=1986-10-21 |title=Shamir cabinet sworn in, according to rotation |language=en-US |work=The New York Times |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1986/10/21/world/shamir-cabinet-sworn-in-according-to-rotation.html |access-date=2022-11-05 |issn=0362-4331 |archive-date=5 November 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221105014411/https://www.nytimes.com/1986/10/21/world/shamir-cabinet-sworn-in-according-to-rotation.html |url-status=live }}</ref> The Likud won the [[1988 Israeli legislative election|1988 election]], defeating the Alignment by a one-seat Margin. The two parties formed [[Twenty-third government of Israel|another government]], in which Shamir served as prime minister without a rotation.<ref>{{Cite web |script-title=he:בחירות 1988 |url=https://www.idi.org.il/policy/parties-and-elections/elections/1988/ |access-date=2022-11-05 |website=[[Israel Democracy Institute]] |language=he |archive-date=25 November 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221125003826/https://www.idi.org.il/policy/parties-and-elections/elections/1988/ |url-status=live }}</ref> In 1990 Peres withdrew from the government and led a successful [[vote of no confidence]] against it,<ref name="cabinetis2">{{Cite news |last=Brinkley |first=Joel |date=1990-03-16 |title=Cabinet Is Ousted In Israeli Dispute Over Peace Talks |work=The New York Times |url=https://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9C0CE1DB1F39F935A25750C0A966958260&scp=216&sq=peres+shamir&st=nyt |access-date=2008-06-12 |archive-date=28 January 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240128105248/https://www.nytimes.com/1990/03/16/world/cabinet-is-ousted-in-israeli-dispute-over-peace-talks.html?scp=216&sq=peres+shamir&st=nyt |url-status=live }}</ref> in what became known as [[the dirty trick]]. Shamir formed [[Twenty-fourth government of Israel|a new government]] with right-wing parties, which served until the [[1992 Israeli legislative election|1992 election]], in which the Likud was defeated by [[Yitzhak Rabin]]'s [[Israeli Labor Party|Labor Party]].<ref>{{Cite web |script-title=he:בחירות 1992 |url=https://www.idi.org.il/policy/parties-and-elections/elections/1992/ |access-date=2022-11-05 |website=[[Israel Democracy Institute]] |language=he |archive-date=24 November 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221124114522/https://www.idi.org.il/policy/parties-and-elections/elections/1992/ |url-status=live }}</ref>

Shamir stepped down as Likud leader after losing the election in March 1993.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2012-06-30 |title=Obituary: former Israeli Prime Minister Yitzhak Shamir |language=en-GB |work=BBC News |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-middle-east-18661360 |access-date=2022-11-06 |archive-date=6 July 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180706163856/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-middle-east-18661360 |url-status=live }}</ref> To replace him, the party held its [[1993 Likud leadership election|first primary election]],<ref name="AP25mar2">{{cite news |last1=LaBelle |first1=G. G. |date=25 Mar 1993 |title=Israel's Likud set to pick new leader |url=https://www.newspapers.com/image/159303168 |url-access=subscription |access-date=8 July 2022 |via=Newspapers.com |newspaper=The News Journal |location=Wilmington, Delaware |language=en |agency=The Associated Press |archive-date=4 November 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221104070653/https://www.newspapers.com/image/159303168 |url-status=live }}</ref> in which former [[Permanent Representative of Israel to the United Nations|United Nations Ambassador]] [[Benjamin Netanyahu]]<ref>{{Cite web |title=Knesset Member Benjamin Netanyahu |url=https://main.knesset.gov.il/en/MK/APPS/mk/mk-public-activity-publications/90 |access-date=2022-11-06 |website=[[Knesset]] |archive-date=6 November 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221106001718/https://main.knesset.gov.il/en/MK/APPS/mk/mk-public-activity-publications/90 |url-status=live }}</ref> defeated [[David Levy (Israeli politician)|David Levy]], [[Benny Begin]] and [[Moshe Katsav]], becoming the [[Leader of the Opposition (Israel)|Leader of the Opposition]].<ref>{{Cite news |last=Haberman |first=Clyde |date=1993-03-26 |title=Israel's Likud Passes Torch, Naming Netanyahu Leader |language=en-US |work=The New York Times |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1993/03/26/world/israel-s-likud-passes-torch-naming-netanyahu-leader.html |access-date=2022-11-06 |issn=0362-4331 |archive-date=6 November 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221106001719/https://www.nytimes.com/1993/03/26/world/israel-s-likud-passes-torch-naming-netanyahu-leader.html |url-status=live }}</ref> In 1995, following the [[assassination of Yitzhak Rabin]], Shimon Peres, his temporary successor, decided to call early elections in order to give the government a mandate to advance the peace process.<ref>{{cite news |last=Kessel |first=Jerrold |date=11 February 1996 |title=Israeli elections will test support for peace |publisher=CNN |url=http://edition.cnn.com/WORLD/9602/israel_elex/02-11/index.html |access-date=10 March 2013 |archive-date=5 October 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131005003749/http://edition.cnn.com/WORLD/9602/israel_elex/02-11/index.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> The [[1996 Israeli general election|election]] was held in May 1996, and included a direct vote for the prime minister in which Netanyahu narrowly defeated Peres, becoming the new prime minister.<ref>{{Cite web |script-title=he:ראש הממשלה נתניהו. זוכרים? |url=http://www.nrg.co.il/online/1/ART/977/618.html |access-date=2022-11-06 |website=Maariv nrg |archive-date=26 October 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201026044634/http://www.nrg.co.il/online/1/ART/977/618.html |url-status=live }}</ref>

[[Image:Likud-Tzomet.png|right|thumb|Logo of the Likud-Tzomet List from the [[1996 Israeli legislative election|1996 election]]]]
In 1998 Netanyahu agreed to cede territory in the [[Wye River Memorandum]], which led some Likud MKs, led by [[Benny Begin]] (Menachem Begin's son), [[Michael Kleiner]] and [[David Re'em]], to break away and form a new party, named [[Herut – The National Movement]]. The new party was endorsed by Yitzhak Shamir, who expressed disappointment in Netanyahu's leadership.<ref>{{Cite news |last= |first= |date=1999-03-25 |title=Shamir, Opposing Netanyahu, Takes Further Turn to Right |language=en-US |work=The New York Times |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1999/03/25/world/shamir-opposing-netanyahu-takes-further-turn-to-right.html |access-date=2023-02-19 |issn=0362-4331 |archive-date=19 February 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230219162202/https://www.nytimes.com/1999/03/25/world/shamir-opposing-netanyahu-takes-further-turn-to-right.html |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2004-07-20 |title=Kleiner Promoting Alternative to 'Disengagement' in the US |url=https://www.israelnationalnews.com/news/66029 |access-date=2023-02-19 |website=Israel National News |language=en |archive-date=19 February 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230219162221/https://www.israelnationalnews.com/news/66029 |url-status=live }}</ref> Following the withdrawal of his remaining partners, Netanyahu's coalition collapsed in December 1998, resulting in the [[1999 Israeli legislative election|1999 election]],<ref>{{Cite web |last=Wilkinson |first=Tracy |date=1998-12-22 |title=Lawmakers in Israel Dissolve Parliament |url=https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-1998-dec-22-mn-56594-story.html |access-date=2023-02-19 |website=Los Angeles Times |language=en-US |archive-date=19 February 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230219162202/https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-1998-dec-22-mn-56594-story.html |url-status=live }}</ref> where Labor's [[Ehud Barak]] defeated Netanyahu on a platform promoting the settlement of final status issues. Following his defeat, Netanyahu stepped down as leader of Likud.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Laub |first=Karin |date=1999-05-18 |title=Barak Defeats Netanyahu in Israel |url=https://apnews.com/article/fbb2f0be79d018e91baf571c26d8f71e |access-date=2023-02-19 |website=AP News |language=en |archive-date=19 February 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230219162206/https://apnews.com/article/fbb2f0be79d018e91baf571c26d8f71e |url-status=live }}</ref> That September, former [[Ministry of Defense (Israel)|Defense Minister]] [[Ariel Sharon]] won a [[September 1999 Likud leadership election|leadership election]] to replace Netanyahu, defeating Jerusalem Mayor [[Ehud Olmert]] and former [[Ministry of Finance (Israel)|Finance Minister]] [[Meir Sheetrit]].<ref name="Kenig">{{cite journal |last1=Kenig |first1=Ofer |title=Democratizing Party Leadership Selection in Israel: A Balance Sheet |journal=Israel Studies Forum |date=2009 |volume=24 |issue=1 |pages=62–81 |jstor=41805011 |issn=1557-2455}}</ref><ref name="Lavie">{{cite news |last1=Lavie |first1=Mark |date=September 3, 1999 |title=Ariel Sharon wins control of Likud party in Israel |url=https://www.newspapers.com/image/179167902 |url-access=subscription |access-date=5 November 2022 |newspaper=The Philadelphia Inquirer |language=en |via=Newspapers.com |agency=The Associated Press |archive-date=5 November 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221105181551/https://www.newspapers.com/image/179167902 |url-status=live }}</ref>

Barak's government collapsed in December 2000,<ref>{{Cite web |last=Bar-Gefen |first=Linoy |date=2000-12-10 |script-title=he:ברק הגיש בצהריים את התפטרותו |url=https://www.ynet.co.il/articles/0,7340,L-326048,00.html |access-date=2023-02-19 |website=ynet |language=he |archive-date=19 February 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230219162202/https://www.ynet.co.il/articles/0,7340,L-326048,00.html |url-status=live }}</ref> several months after the [[2000 Camp David Summit|Camp David Summit]] ended without an agreement,<ref name="tri">{{cite web |date=25 July 2000 |title=Trilateral Statement on the Middle East Peace Summit at Camp David |url=http://2001-2009.state.gov/p/nea/rls/22698.htm |publisher=US Department of State |access-date=7 March 2023 |archive-date=24 October 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111024002324/http://2001-2009.state.gov/p/nea/rls/22698.htm |url-status=live }}</ref> and [[2001 Israeli prime ministerial election|early elections for Prime Minister]] were called for February 2001, in which Sharon decisively defeated Barak.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Sontag |first=Deborah |date=2001-02-07 |title=The Sharon Victory: The Overview; Sharon Easily Ousts Barak To Become Israel's Premier; Calls For A Reconciliation |language=en-US |work=The New York Times |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2001/02/07/world/sharon-victory-overview-sharon-easily-ousts-barak-become-israel-s-premier-calls.html |access-date=2023-02-19 |issn=0362-4331 |archive-date=20 November 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221120215448/https://www.nytimes.com/2001/02/07/world/sharon-victory-overview-sharon-easily-ousts-barak-become-israel-s-premier-calls.html |url-status=live }}</ref> In 2002 Netanyahu challenged Sharon in a [[2002 Likud leadership election|leadership election]], but was defeated.<ref>{{cite news |date=28 November 2002 |title=Sharon Beats Netanyahu in Likud Primary |publisher=Fox News Channel |url=https://www.foxnews.com/story/sharon-beats-netanyahu-in-likud-primary |access-date=29 July 2009 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080828161003/http://foxnews.com/story/0,2933,71685,00.html |archive-date=28 August 2008}}</ref>{{unreliable source?|reason=There is consensus that Fox News is an [[WP:RS/P|unreliable source]] for the reporting of politics|date=October 2023}} During Sharon's tenure, Likud faced an internal split due to Sharon's policy of [[Ariel Sharon's unilateral disengagement plan|unilateral disengagement]] from Gaza and parts of the West Bank, which proved extremely divisive within the party.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2005-09-05 |title=Early Election Likely To Follow Gaza Pullout |url=https://www.forbes.com/2005/09/05/sharon-netanyahu-likud-cx_0905_oxan_likud.html |access-date=2023-02-19 |website=Forbes |language=en |archive-date=19 February 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230219162203/https://www.forbes.com/2005/09/05/sharon-netanyahu-likud-cx_0905_oxan_likud.html |url-status=live }}</ref>