Editing Linking and intrusive R (section)

==Intrusive R<span class="anchor" id="IntrusiveR"></span>==
{{listen|filename=Dr. Anthony Fauci's Intrusive R.flac|type=speech|title=Intrusive R (in NYC)|description=Examples of intrusive R in the speech of a [[New York City English]] speaker (Dr. [[Anthony Fauci]])}}
The phenomenon of '''intrusive R''' is a reinterpretation<ref>{{Harvcoltxt|Hartmann|Zerbian|2009|p=136}}</ref><ref>{{Harvcoltxt|Hock|2009|p=172}}</ref> of linking R into an r-insertion rule that affects any word that ends in the non-high vowels {{IPA|/ə/}}, {{IPA|/ɪə/}}, {{IPA|/ɑː/}}, or {{IPA|/ɔː/}};<ref>{{Harvcoltxt|Wells|1970|p=241}}. In [[Cockney]], {{IPA|/aʊ/}} is another vowel affected</ref> when such a word is closely followed by another word beginning in a vowel sound, an {{IPA|/r/}} is inserted between them, even when no final {{IPA|/r/}} was historically present.<ref>{{Harvcoltxt|Gick|1999|pp=31–32}}</ref> For example, the phrase ''bacteria in it'' would be pronounced {{IPA|/bækˈtɪəriərˌɪnɪt/}}. The [[epenthetic]] {{IPA|/r/}} can be inserted to prevent [[hiatus (linguistics)|hiatus]] (two consecutive vowel sounds).<ref>{{Harvcoltxt|Wells|1970|p=241}}, citing {{Harvcoltxt|Gimson|1962|p=204}} and {{Harvcoltxt|Jones|1966|pp=§§ 357–366}}</ref>

In extreme cases an intrusive R can follow a reduced schwa, such as for the example ''if you hafta[r], I’ll help'' and in the following examples taken from the native speech of English speakers from Eastern Massachusetts: ''I’m gonna[r]ask Adrian'', ''t[ər]add to his troubles'', ''a lotta[r]apples'' and ''the[r]apples''. A related phenomenon involves the dropping of a consonant at the juncture of two words and the insertion of an r in its place. Sometimes this occurs in conjunction with the reduction of the final vowel in the first word to a schwa: examples of this are ''He shoulda[r]eaten''.<ref>{{Cite journal | url=https://www.persee.fr/doc/hel_0750-8069_1997_num_19_1_2572 | doi=10.3406/hel.1997.2572 | title=Linking r in English : Constraints, principles and parameters, or rules ? | year=1997 | last1=Durand | first1=Jacques | journal=Histoire Épistémologie Langage | volume=19 | pages=43–72 }}</ref>

Other recognizable examples are the [[Beatles]] singing: ''"I saw-'''r'''-a film today, oh boy"'' in the song "[[A Day in the Life]]", from their 1967 album ''[[Sgt. Pepper's Lonely Hearts Club Band]]''; in the song "[[Champagne Supernova]]" by [[Oasis (band)|Oasis]]: ''"supernova-'''r'''-in the sky"''; in the song "[[Scenes from an Italian Restaurant]]" by [[Billy Joel]]: ''"Brenda-'''r'''-and Eddie"''; in the song "[[Beauty and a Beat]]" by [[Justin Bieber]] featuring [[Nicki Minaj]]: ''"eye out for [[Selena Gomez|Selena-'''r''']]"''; in the phrases, ''"law-'''r'''-and order"'' and ''"Victoria-'''r'''-and Albert Museum"'', and even in the name ''"[[Maya Angelou|Maya-'''r'''-Angelou]]"''. This is now common enough in parts of [[England]] that, by 1997, the linguist [[John C. Wells]] considered it objectively part of [[Received Pronunciation]], though he noted that "the speech conscious often dislike it and disapprove of it".<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.phon.ucl.ac.uk/home/wells/rphappened.htm|title=Whatever happened to Received Pronunciation?|first=J.C.|last=Wells|date=2002-02-20|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230410045613/https://www.phon.ucl.ac.uk/home/wells/rphappened.htm|archive-date=2023-04-10|url-status=live}}</ref> It is or was stigmatised as an incorrect pronunciation in some other standardized non-rhotic accents, too. Wells writes that at least in RP, "linking {{IPA|/r/}} and intrusive {{IPA|/r/}} are distinct only historically and orthographically".<ref>{{Harvcoltxt|Wells|1982|p=223}}</ref>

Just as with linking R, intrusive R may also occur between a root morpheme and certain [[suffix (linguistics)|suffixes]], such as ''draw(r)ing'', ''withdraw(r)al'', or ''[[Kafka]](r)esque''.

A rhotic speaker may use alternative strategies to prevent the [[Hiatus (linguistics)|hiatus]], such as the insertion of a [[glottal stop]] to clarify the boundary between the two words. Varieties that feature linking R but not intrusive R (that is, ''tuna oil'' is pronounced {{IPA|[ˈtjuːnə (ʔ)ɔɪl]}}), show a clear phonemic distinction between words with and without {{IPA|/r/}} in the syllable coda.<ref>{{Harvcoltxt|Gick|1999|p=32}}</ref>

[[Margaret Thatcher]] was nicknamed "Laura Norder" because of her references during her period of office to "law and order" with an intrusive /r/.<ref>Collins, B., & Mees, I. (2003). ''The Phonetics of English and Dutch'' (3rd ed.). Leiden, The Netherlands: Brill.</ref>