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Liquid crystal on silicon
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===History=== The history of LCoS projectors dates back to June 1972, when LCLV technology was first developed by scientists at [[Hughes Research Laboratories]] working on an internal research and development project.<ref>{{cite report |url=https://apps.dtic.mil/sti/citations/ADA010553 |title=Development of a Reflective Mode Liquid Crystal Light Valve |author1=Jacobson, A.D. |publisher=Hughes Research Labs |date=May 1975 |access-date=16 January 2024}}</ref> General Electric demonstrated a low-resolution LCoS display in the late 1970s.<ref>{{cite book |author1=Armitage, David |author2=Underwood, Ian |author3=Wu, Shin-Tson |date=2006 |title=Introduction to Microdisplays |publisher=Wiley |isbn=978-0-470-85281-1}}</ref> LCLV projectors were used primarily for military [[flight simulator]]s due to their large and bulky size.<ref>{{cite report |url=https://apps.dtic.mil/sti/citations/ADA209580 |title=Display Characteristics of Example Light-Valve Projectors |author=Howard, Celeste M. |date=June 1989 |publisher=University of Dayton Research Institute |access-date=17 January 2024}}</ref> A joint venture between [[Hughes Electronics]] and [[Japan Victor Corporation|JVC]] (Hughes-JVC) was founded in 1992<ref name=JVCPro-pr>{{cite press release |url=http://pro.jvc.com/pro/vsd/jvchjt.htm |title=JVC consolidates projector operations with absorption of Hughes-JVC |date=December 16, 1999 |publisher=JVC Professional |access-date=16 January 2024}}</ref> to develop LCLV technology for commercial movie theaters under the branding ILA (Image Light Amplifer).<ref>{{cite web |url=http://pro.jvc.com/pro/hjt/technology/download/sid99.pdf |title=Electronic Cinema Using ILA Projector Technology |author1=Sterling, R.D. |author2=Bleha, W.P. |publisher=Hughes-JVC Technology Corporation |access-date=16 January 2024}}</ref> One example was {{cvt|72.5|in}} tall and weighed {{cvt|1670|lb}}, using a 7 kW [[Xenon arc lamp]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://pro.jvc.com/pro/hjt/products/ila12k.html |title=ILA-12K Projector |website=JVC Professional |access-date=16 January 2024}}</ref> [[File:Lcos.svg|thumb|right|upright=1.5|Conceptual diagram of an LCoS projector]] In 1997, engineers at JVC developed the D-ILA (Direct-Drive Image Light Amplifier) from the Hughes LCLV,<ref name=JVCPro-pr/><ref>{{cite conference |doi=10.1117/12.305518 |title=Reflective active-matrix LCD: D-ILA |author1=Nakano, Atsushi |author2=Honma, Akira |author3=Nakagaki, Shintaro |author4=Doi, Keiichiro |date=1998 |conference=Photonics West / Electronic Imaging |location=San Jose, California |publisher=Society of Photo-Optical Instrumentation Engineers}}</ref> which led to smaller and more affordable digital LCoS projectors, using three-chip D-ILA devices.<ref>{{cite conference |doi=10.1117/12.497532 |title=D-ILA technology for high-resolution projection displays |author1=Bleha, William P. |author2=Sterling, Rodney D. |publisher=Society of Photo-Optical Instrumentation Engineers |conference=AeroSense |date=2003 |location=Orlando, Florida}}</ref> Although these were not as bright and had less resolution than the cinema ILA projectors, they were more portable, starting at {{cvt|33|lb}}.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://pro.jvc.com/pro/special/dila/pdf_u/DLA_G11_U.pdf |title=D-ILA Projector: DLA-G11 |publisher=JVC Professional |date=November 1999 |access-date=16 January 2024}}</ref> The early LCoS projectors had their challenges. They suffered from a phenomenon called "image sticking," where the image would remain on the screen after it was supposed to be gone. This was due to the mirrors sticking in their positions, which resulted in ghosting on the screen. However, manufacturers continued to refine the technology, and today's LCoS projectors have largely overcome this issue. Sony introduced its SXRD (Silicon X-tal Reflective Display) technology in 2004. SXRD was an evolution of LCoS technology that used even smaller pixels and a higher resolution, resulting in an even more accurate image. The SXRD technology was used in Sony's high-end home theater projectors, and it quickly gained a reputation for its exceptional picture quality. [[File:JVC D-ILA projector.jpg|thumb|JVC projector "D-ILA" LCoS]] JVC introduced an updated D-ILA technology in 2006, which eliminated the need for a polarizing filter, resulting in a brighter and more vibrant image. The D-ILA technology has since become a popular choice for home theater enthusiasts. LCoS projectors have continued to evolve, with manufacturers introducing features like [[4K resolution]] and HDR ([[High Dynamic Range]]) support. LCoS projectors are now available at a range of price points, from affordable models for home theater use to high-end professional models used in commercial installations.
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