Editing Ljubljana (section)

==History==
{{For timeline}}

===Prehistory===
Around 2000 BC, the Ljubljana Marsh was settled by people living in [[Stilt house|pile dwellings]]. [[Prehistoric pile dwellings around the Alps|Prehistoric pile dwellings]] and [[Ljubljana Marshes Wooden Wheel|the oldest wooden wheel in the world]]<ref>{{cite web |last=novisplet.com |title=Najstarejše kolo z osjo na svetu – 5150 let |url=http://www.ljubljanskobarje.si/unesco-na-ljubljanskem-barju/najstarejse-kolo-z-osjo-na-svetu |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160113201447/http://www.ljubljanskobarje.si/unesco-na-ljubljanskem-barju/najstarejse-kolo-z-osjo-na-svetu |archive-date=13 January 2016 |access-date=10 February 2016 |work=ljubljanskobarje.si}}</ref> are among the most notable archeological findings from the marshland. These lake-dwelling people survived through hunting, fishing and primitive agriculture. To get around the marshes, they used [[dugout canoe]]s made by cutting out the inside of tree trunks. Their archaeological remains, nowadays in the [[Municipality of Ig]], have been designated a [[UNESCO World Heritage Site]] since June 2011, in the [[Prehistoric pile dwellings around the Alps|common nomination of six Alpine states]].<ref>{{cite news |date=28 June 2011 |title=Prehistoric Pile Dwellings Listed as UNESCO World Heritage |work=Slovenia News |publisher=Government Communication Office |url=http://www.ukom.gov.si/en/media_room/newsletter_slovenia_news/news/article/391/2809/1e33cc2ffd/?tx_ttnews&#91;newsletter&#93;=114 |access-date=28 June 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140427203207/http://www.ukom.gov.si/en/media_room/newsletter_slovenia_news/news/article/391/2809/1e33cc2ffd/?tx_ttnews&#91;newsletter& |archive-date=27 April 2014 |df=dmy-all}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |date=14 October 2011 |title=Pile-dwellings in the Ljubljansko Barje on UNESCO List |journal=Embassy Newsletter |publisher=Embassy of Slovenia in Washington |editor=Maša Štiftar de Arzu |url=http://www.washington.embassy.si/fileadmin/user_upload/dkp_51_vwa/newsletter/october_2011/Embassy_s_Newsletter__2011_-_14_-_10_finale.pdf |access-date=10 February 2016 |archive-date=16 January 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170116190053/http://www.washington.embassy.si/fileadmin/user_upload/dkp_51_vwa/newsletter/october_2011/Embassy_s_Newsletter__2011_-_14_-_10_finale.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref>

Later, the area remained a transit point, for groups including the [[Illyrians]], followed by a mixed nation of the [[Celts]] and the Illyrians called the [[Iapodes]], and then in the 3rd century BC a Celtic tribe, the [[Taurisci]].<ref name="Histo12">{{cite web |title=First settlers |url=http://www.ljubljana.si/en/about-ljubljana/history/first-settlers/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100318073218/http://www.ljubljana.si/en/about-ljubljana/history/first-settlers/ |archive-date=18 March 2010 |access-date=31 October 2009}}</ref>

===Antiquity===
{{Main|Emona}}
[[File:Emona3.JPG|thumb|Excavations at the building site of the planned new [[National and University Library of Slovenia]]. One of the discoveries was an ancient Roman public bath house.<ref name="Zupanek_20102">Bernarda Županek (2010) [http://www.culture.si/en/Emona,_Legacy_of_a_Roman_City "Emona, Legacy of a Roman City"] {{Webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190717062836/https://www.culture.si/en/Emona,_Legacy_of_a_Roman_City |date=17 July 2019}}, Museum and Galleries of Ljubljana, Ljubljana.</ref>]]
Around 50 BC, the [[Ancient Rome|Romans]] built a military encampment that later became a permanent settlement called [[Emona|Iulia Aemona]].<ref name="Histo22">{{cite web |title=The Times of Roman Emona |url=http://www.ljubljana.si/en/about-ljubljana/history/times-of-roman-emona/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100315124047/http://www.ljubljana.si/en/about-ljubljana/history/times-of-roman-emona/ |archive-date=15 March 2010 |access-date=31 October 2009}}</ref><ref name="roman emona2">{{cite web |title=Roman Emona |url=http://www.culture.si/en/Roman_Emona |access-date=15 October 2012 |work=Culture.si |publisher=Ministry of culture of the republic of Slovenia |archive-date=4 October 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121004123636/http://www.culture.si/en/Roman_Emona |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="legacy2">{{cite web |title=Emona, Legacy of a Roman City |url=http://www.culture.si/en/Emona,_Legacy_of_a_Roman_City |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190717062836/https://www.culture.si/en/Emona,_Legacy_of_a_Roman_City |archive-date=17 July 2019 |access-date=15 October 2012 |work=Culture.si |publisher=Ministry of culture of the republic of Slovenia}}</ref> This entrenched fort was occupied by the ''[[Legio XV Apollinaris]]''.<ref name="Apollinaris2">{{in lang|fr}} Hildegard Temporini and Wolfgang Haase, ''Aufstieg und Niedergang der römischen Welt''. de Gruyter, 1988. {{ISBN|3-11-011893-9}}. [https://books.google.com/books?id=74vdDevajNoC&dq=Emona+legion+XV&pg=PA343 Google Books, p.343] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160503154930/https://books.google.com/books?id=74vdDevajNoC&pg=PA343&lpg=PA343&dq=Emona+legion+XV&source=web&ots=Oz_GEBKbi_&sig=jODLhDZxfNwHfBW48cBMhE2GCs0&hl=fr&sa=X&oi=book_result&resnum=8&ct=result |date=3 May 2016 }}</ref> In 452, it was destroyed by the [[Huns]] under [[Attila the Hun|Attila]]'s orders,<ref name="Histo22" /> and later by the [[Ostrogoths]] and the [[Lombards]].<ref name="Artis2">Daniel Mallinus, ''La Yougoslavie'', Éd. Artis-Historia, Brussels, 1988, D/1988/0832/27, p. 37-39.</ref> Emona housed 5,000 to 6,000 inhabitants and played an important role during battles. Its plastered brick houses, painted in different colours, were connected to a [[Sewage|drainage system]].<ref name="Histo22" />

In the 6th century, the ancestors of the [[Slovenes]] moved in. In the 9th century, they fell under [[Franks|Frankish]] domination, while experiencing frequent [[Hungarian people|Magyar]] raids.<ref name="Histo62">{{cite web |title=Ljubljana in the Middle Ages |url=http://www.ljubljana.si/en/about-ljubljana/history/ljubljana-in-middle-ages/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100318072655/http://www.ljubljana.si/en/about-ljubljana/history/ljubljana-in-middle-ages/ |archive-date=18 March 2010 |access-date=31 October 2009}}</ref> Not much is known about the area during the settlement of [[Slavs]] in the period between the downfall of Emona and the Early Middle Ages.

===Middle Ages===
The parchment sheet ''Nomina defunctorum'' ("Names of the Dead"), most probably written in the second half of 1161, mentions the nobleman Rudolf of Tarcento, a lawyer of the [[Patriarchate of Aquileia (Episcopal)|Patriarchate of Aquileia]], who had bestowed a canon with 20 farmsteads beside the [[Ljubljana Castle|castle of Ljubljana]] (''castrum Leibach'') to the Patriarchate. According to the historian [[Peter Štih]]'s deduction, this happened between 1112 and 1125, the earliest mention of Ljubljana.<ref name="CL2">{{cite book |author=Peter Štih |url=http://www.ljubljana.si/file/863357/castrumleibach-e.pdf |title=Castrum Leibach: the first recorded mention of Ljubljana and the city's early history: facsimile with commentary and a history introduction |publisher=City Municipality of Ljubljana |year=2010 |isbn=978-961-6449-36-6 |access-date=12 May 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303230058/http://www.ljubljana.si/file/863357/castrumleibach-e.pdf |archive-date=3 March 2016 |df=dmy-all}} {{COBISS|ID=252833024}}</ref>

The property changed hands repeatedly until the first half of the 12th century. The territory south of the [[Sava]] where Ljubljana developed, gradually became property of the Carinthian Dukes of the [[House of Sponheim]].<ref name="CL2" /> Urban settlement started in the second half of the 12th century.<ref name="CL2" /> At around 1200, [[Market town|market rights]] were granted to Old Square ({{lang|sl|Stari trg}}),<ref name="Ljubljana Town Hall2">{{Cite news |author=Darinka Kladnik |date=October 2006 |title=Ljubljana Town Hall |publisher=Ljubljana Tourist Board |url=http://www.visitljubljana.si/file/141388/mestna-hisa-slo-ang-3.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110915023251/https://www.visitljubljana.si/file/141388/mestna-hisa-slo-ang-3.pdf |archive-date=15 September 2011}}</ref> which at the time was one of Ljubljana's three original districts. The other two districts were an area called "Town" ({{lang|sl|Mesto}}), built around the predecessor of the present-day [[Ljubljana Cathedral]] at one side of the [[Ljubljanica]] River, and New Square ({{lang|sl|Novi trg}}) at the other side.<ref name="AVLuwigana2">{{cite web |title=Srednjeveška Ljubljana – Luwigana |trans-title=Ljubljana of the Middle Ages – Luwigana |url=http://arhitekturni-vodnik.org/?object=151&mode=4 |access-date=15 May 2012 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190327233545/http://arhitekturni-vodnik.org/?object=151&mode=4 |archive-date=27 March 2019 |work=Arhitekturni vodnik |trans-work=Architectural Guide}}</ref> The [[Franciscan Bridge]], a predecessor of the present-day [[Triple Bridge]], and the [[Cobblers' Bridge#History|Butchers' Bridge]] connected the walled areas with wooden buildings.<ref name="AVLuwigana2" /> Ljubljana acquired the [[town privileges]] at some time between 1220 and 1243.<ref>{{cite book |last=Nered |first=Andrej |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=USAqAQAAMAAJ&pg=PA170 |title=Dežela – knez – stanovi: oblikovanje kranjskih deželnih stanov in zborov do leta 1518 |publisher=Založba ZRC |year=2009 |isbn=978-961-254-130-9 |page=170 |language=sl |trans-title=The Land – the Prince – the Estates: the Formation of Carniolan Provincial Estates and Assemblies Until 1518 |chapter=Kranjski deželni stanovi do leta 1518: Mesta |trans-chapter=Carniolan Provincial Estates Until 1518: Towns |access-date=3 October 2020 |archive-date=21 February 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220221162221/https://books.google.com/books?id=USAqAQAAMAAJ&pg=PA170 |url-status=live }}</ref> Seven fires erupted during the Middle Ages.<ref>{{cite journal |last=Kušar |first=Domen |year=2003 |title=Vpliv požarov na razvoj in podobo srednjeveških mest |trans-title=The Influence of Fires on the Development and Image of Towns in the Middle Ages |url=http://www.dlib.si/preview/URN:NBN:SI:DOC-D3OCD795/0fb96310-3693-4eae-bac0-ed1fb2225482 |journal=Urbani izziv [Urban Challenge] |language=sl |volume=14 |issue=2 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180921191232/http://www.dlib.si/preview/URN:NBN:SI:DOC-D3OCD795/0fb96310-3693-4eae-bac0-ed1fb2225482 |archive-date=2018-09-21}}</ref> Artisans organised themselves into [[guild]]s. The [[Teutonic Knights]], the [[Conventual Franciscans]], and the [[Franciscans]] settled there.<ref>{{cite web |last=Mlinarič |first=Jože |title=Frančiškanski samostan od ustanovitve okoli leta 1240 do preselitve 1784 |trans-title=The Franciscan Monastery from Its Establishment around 1240 until Its Relocation in 1784 |url=http://www.marijino-oznanjenje.si/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=68&Itemid=67&showall=1 |access-date=15 May 2012 |work=Župnija Marijino oznanenje: Ljubljana – Frančiškani [The Parish of the Annunciation – Franciscans] |language=sl |archive-date=20 November 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121120155636/http://www.marijino-oznanjenje.si/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=68&Itemid=67&showall=1 |url-status=live }}</ref> In 1256, when the Carinthian duke [[Ulrich III, Duke of Carinthia|Ulrich III of Spanheim]] became lord of Carniola, the provincial capital was moved from [[Kamnik]] to Ljubljana.

In the late 1270s, Ljubljana was conquered by King [[Ottokar II of Bohemia]].<ref name="MunicipalityHistory2">{{cite web |title=History of Ljubljana |url=http://www.ljubljana.si/en/about-ljubljana/history/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150908133217/http://www.ljubljana.si/en/about-ljubljana/history/ |archive-date=8 September 2015 |access-date=1 November 2015 |publisher=Municipality of Ljubljana}} (includes timeline)</ref> In 1278, after Ottokar's defeat, it became—together with the rest of [[Carniola]]—property of [[Rudolph I of Germany|Rudolph of Habsburg]].<ref name="Artis2" /><ref name="Histo62" /> It was administered by the [[Counts of Gorizia]] from 1279 until 1335,<ref name="Ljubljana Town Hall2" /><ref>{{cite journal |author=Marija Verbič |year=1967 |title=700 let Novega trga v mestu Ljunbljani |url=http://www.dlib.si/v2/StreamFile.aspx%3FURN%3DURN:NBN:SI:doc |journal=Kronika: časopis Za Slovensko Krajevno Zgodovino |volume=15 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130619073945/http://www.dlib.si/v2/StreamFile.aspx%3FURN%3DURN:NBN:SI:doc |archive-date=19 June 2013 |access-date=29 November 2010 |number=2}}</ref>{{sfn|Phillips|1911}} when it became the capital town of Carniola.<ref name="Histo62" /> Renamed ''Laibach'', it was owned by the [[House of Habsburg]] until 1797.<ref name="Artis2" /> In 1327, the Ljubljana's "[[Jewish quarter (diaspora)|Jewish Quarter]]"—now only "Jewish Street" ({{lang|sl|Židovska ulica}}) remains—was established with a synagogue, and lasted until Emperor [[Maximilian I, Holy Roman Emperor|Maximilian I]] in 1515 and expelled the Jews from Ljubljana at the request of its citizens, for which he demanded a certain payment from the town.<ref name="Ljubljana Town Hall2" /> In 1382, in front of [[St. Bartholomew's Church (Ljubljana)|St. Bartholomew's Church]] in [[Spodnja Šiška|Šiška]], at the time a nearby village, now part of Ljubljana, a peace treaty was signed between the [[Republic of Venice]] and [[Leopold III of Austria (Habsburg)|Leopold III]] of [[Habsburg]].<ref name="Ljubljana Town Hall2" />

===Early modern===
[[File:Ljubljana-Valvasor.jpg|center|thumb|upright=3|"Laybach" (Ljubljana) in [[Johann Weikhard von Valvasor|Johann Weikhard von Valvasor's]] work ''[[The Glory of the Duchy of Carniola]]'' of 1689]]
In the 15th century, Ljubljana became recognised for its art, particularly painting and sculpture. The [[Latin Church|Latin Catholic]] [[Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Ljubljana|Archdiocese of Ljubljana]] was established in 1461 and the [[Ljubljana Cathedral|Church of St. Nicholas]] became the diocesan cathedral.<ref name="Histo62" /> After the [[1511 Idrija earthquake]],<ref name="bavec2">{{cite journal |last1=Bavec |first1=Milos |last2=Car |first2=Marjeta |last3=Stopar |first3=Robert |last4=Jamsek |first4=Petra |last5=Gosar |first5=Andrej |date=2012 |title=Geophysical evidence of recent activity of the Idrija fault, Kanomlja, NW Slovenia |journal=Materials and Geoenvironment |volume=59}}</ref><ref name="Lipold2">{{cite journal |last1=Lipold |first1=Marc Vincenc |date=1857 |title=Bericht über die geologischen Aufnamen in Ober-Krein im Jahre 1856 |journal=Jahrbuch der K. K. Geol. Reichsanstalt}}</ref><ref name="Fitzko2">{{cite journal |last1=Fitzko |first1=F. |last2=Suhadolc |first2=P. |last3=Aoudia |first3=A. |last4=Panza |first4=G.F. |year=2005 |title=Constraints on the location and mechanism of the 1511 Western-Slovenia earthquake from active tectonics and modeling of macroseismic data |journal=Tectonophysics |volume=404 |issue=1–2 |pages=77–90 |bibcode=2005Tectp.404...77F |doi=10.1016/j.tecto.2005.05.003}}</ref><ref name="Cunningham2">{{cite journal |last1=Cunningham |first1=Dickson |last2=Gosar |first2=Andrej |last3=Kastelic |first3=Vanja |last4=Grebby |first4=Stephen |last5=Tansey |first5=Kevin |date=2007 |title=Multi-disciplinary investigations of active faults in the Julian Alps, Slovenia |url=http://www.irsm.cas.cz/materialy/acta_content/2007_01/7_Cunningham.pdf |journal=Acta Geodyn. Geomater. |volume=4 |access-date=10 August 2014 |archive-date=12 August 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140812204818/http://www.irsm.cas.cz/materialy/acta_content/2007_01/7_Cunningham.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref> the city was rebuilt in the [[Renaissance architecture|Renaissance]] style and a new wall was built around it.<ref name="Histo32">{{cite web |title=Renaissance and Baroque |url=http://www.ljubljana.si/en/about-ljubljana/history/renaissance-and-baroque/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100318072700/http://www.ljubljana.si/en/about-ljubljana/history/renaissance-and-baroque/ |archive-date=18 March 2010 |access-date=31 October 2009}}</ref> Wooden buildings were forbidden after a large fire at New Square in 1524.<ref>{{cite journal |url=https://www.sistory.si/cdn/publikacije/44001-45000/44004/kronika_11_1963_3.pdf |last=Gestrin |first=Ferdo |title=Oris zgodovine Ljubljane od XVI. do XVIII. stoletja |language=sl |trans-title=An Outline of the History of Ljubljana from the 16th to the 18th Centuries |journal=Kronika: časopis za slovensko krajevno zgodovino |volume=11 |issue=3 |year=1963 |pages=139–148 |id={{COBISS|ID=240853760}} |access-date=24 April 2024 |archive-date=24 April 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240424101412/https://www.sistory.si/cdn/publikacije/44001-45000/44004/kronika_11_1963_3.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |url=http://www.arhivsko-drustvo.si/wp-content/uploads/Arhivi_p/Arhivi_2001-2.pdf |last=Nared |first=Andrej |title=Arhiv kranjskih deželnih stanov |language=sl |trans-title=Archives of the Provincial Estates of Carniola |journal=Arhivi: Glasilo Arhivskega društva in arhivov Slovenije |issn=0351-2835 |volume=24 |issue=2 |year=2001 |id={{COBISS|ID=260981}} |pages=1–17 |access-date=24 April 2024 |archive-date=24 April 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240424101407/http://www.arhivsko-drustvo.si/wp-content/uploads/Arhivi_p/Arhivi_2001-2.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref>

In the 16th century, the population of Ljubljana numbered 5,000, 70% of whom spoke [[Slovene language|Slovene]] as their [[first language]], with most of the rest using German.<ref name="Histo32" /> The first [[High school (upper secondary)|secondary school]], public library and printing house opened in Ljubljana. Ljubljana became an important educational centre.<ref>{{cite book |last=Mihelič |first=Breda |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=VJAXAQAAMAAJ |title=Ljubljana City Guide |publisher=State Publishing House of Slovenia |year=1990 |page=30 |id={{COBISS|ID=18846464}} |access-date=3 October 2020 |archive-date=4 October 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221004161551/https://books.google.com/books?id=VJAXAQAAMAAJ |url-status=live }}</ref>

From 1529, Ljubljana had an active [[Protestant Reformation#Slovene Lands|Slovene Protestant community]]. They were expelled in 1598, marking the beginning of the [[Counter-Reformation]]. Catholic Bishop [[Thomas Chrön]] ordered the public burning of eight cartloads of Protestant books.<ref name="ES2">Rajhman, Jože, & Emilijan Cevc. 1990. Tomaž Hren. ''Enciklopedija Slovenije'', vol. 4, pp. 50–51. Ljubljana: Mladinska knjiga.</ref><ref>Lutar Ivanc, Aleksandra. 2006. ''Album slovenskih književnikov''. Ljubljana: Mladinska knjiga, p 14.</ref>

In 1597, the [[Society of Jesus|Jesuits]] arrived, followed in 1606 by the [[Order of Friars Minor Capuchin|Capuchins]], seeking to [[Counter-Reformation|eradicate Protestantism]]. Only 5% of all the residents of Ljubljana at the time were Catholic, but eventually they re-Catholicized the town. The Jesuits staged the first theatre productions, fostered the development of [[Baroque music]], and established Catholic schools. In the middle and the second half of the 17th century, foreign architects built and renovated monasteries, churches, and palaces and introduced [[Baroque architecture]]. In 1702, the [[Ursulines]] settled in the town, and the following year they opened the first public school for girls in the [[Slovene Lands]]. Some years later, the construction of the [[Ursuline Church of the Holy Trinity]] started.<ref name="RKD19802">{{cite web |title=1980: Ljubljana – Cerkev sv. Trojice |trans-title=1980: Ljubljana – Holy Trinity Church |url=http://giskd2s.situla.org/rkd/Opis.asp?Esd=1980 |access-date=29 October 2012 |work=Register nepremične kulturne dediščine [Registry of Immovable Cultural Heritage] |publisher=Ministry of Culture, Republic of Slovenia |language=sl |archive-date=16 February 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160216132434/http://giskd2s.situla.org/rkd/Opis.asp?Esd=1980 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="LJinfo2">{{cite web |title=Ljubljana.info – Ursuline Church Ljubljana |url=http://www.ljubljana.info/sights/ursuline-church/ |work=ljubljana.info |access-date=10 February 2016 |archive-date=24 July 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080724182108/http://www.ljubljana.info/sights/ursuline-church/ |url-status=live }}</ref> In 1779, [[St. Christopher's Cemetery]] replaced the cemetery at [[St. Peter's Parish Church (Ljubljana)|St. Peter's Church]] as Ljubljana's main cemetery.<ref>{{cite book |last=Kladnik |first=Darinka |title=Mestna hiša v Ljubljani: pomembni dogodki v zgodovini mesta |publisher=Viharnik |year=1996 |isbn=978-961-6057-05-9 |page=58 |language=sl |trans-title=The Ljubljana Town Hall: Significant Events in the Town History}}</ref>

===Late modern===
[[File:Pristanišče_na_Bregu_1765.jpg|right|thumb|Ljubljana in the 18th century]]
[[File:Leander_Russ_-_Parade_zur_Begrüßung_des_Kaisers_in_Laibach_-_1845.jpeg|right|thumb|Celebration during the [[Congress of Laibach]], 1821]]
[[File:Špitalski_most,_Marijin_trg_in_pogled_proti_Šmarni_gori_z_gradu_1900.jpg|left|thumb|Ljubljana, c. 1900]]
[[File:Ljubljana_in_1895_(3).jpg|right|thumb|The 1895 earthquake destroyed much of the city centre, enabling an extensive renovation program.]]
[[File:Ljubljana_1909_(Salvatore_Spina)_removed_watermark.ogg|thumb|The oldest preserved film recordings of Ljubljana (1909), with a depiction of streets, the [[Ljubljana tram system|Ljubljana tram]], and a celebration. Salvatore Spina Company, Trieste.<ref>{{cite journal |first=Lojze |last=Tršan |journal=Arhivi: Glasilo arhivskega društva in arhivov Slovenije |issn=0351-2835 |url=http://www.arhivsko-drustvo.si/wp-content/uploads/2021/01/Arhivi_2020-2-internet.pdf |title=V glavni vlogi nastopa Lilian ... |language=sl |trans-title=Starring Lilian ... |publisher=Arhivsko društvo Slovenije |year=2020 |volume=43 |issue=2 |page=461 |access-date=8 November 2023 |archive-date=25 November 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221125211956/http://www.arhivsko-drustvo.si/wp-content/uploads/2021/01/Arhivi_2020-2-internet.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://arhiv.arhiv-spletisc.gov.si/si/delovna_podrocja/razstavna_dejavnost/arhivalija_meseca/arhivalija_meseca_april_2012/index.html |last=Tršan |first=Lojz |title=Arhivalija meseca (april 2012): Ljubljana 1909 |language=sl |trans-title=Archivalia of the Month (April 2012): Ljubljana 1909 |publisher=Arhiv republike Slovenije [Archives of the Republic of Slovena] |access-date=8 November 2023 |archive-date=1 June 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240601003801/http://www.arhiv-spletisc.gov.si/ |url-status=live }}</ref>]]
From 1809 to 1813, during the "[[Napoleon I of France|Napoleonic]] interlude", Ljubljana (as ''Laybach'') was the capital of the [[Illyrian Provinces]].<ref name="Artis2" /><ref name="Histo42">{{cite web |title=Ljubljana in the 18th and 19th Centuries |url=http://www.ljubljana.si/en/about-ljubljana/history/ljubljana-18th-19th-centuries/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100318073535/http://www.ljubljana.si/en/about-ljubljana/history/ljubljana-18th-19th-centuries/ |archive-date=18 March 2010 |access-date=31 October 2009}}</ref> In 1813, the city returned to Austria and from 1815 to 1849 was the administrative centre of the [[Kingdom of Illyria (1816–1849)|Kingdom of Illyria]] in the Austrian Empire.<ref name="Cvirn20002">{{cite book |title=Ilustrirana zgodovina Slovencev |publisher=Mladinska knjiga |year=2000 |isbn=978-86-11-15664-4 |editor-last=Vidic |editor-first=Marko |page=213 |trans-title=The Illustrated History of the Slovenes |chapter=Ilirsko kraljestvo |trans-chapter=Kingdom of Illyria}}</ref> In 1821, it hosted the [[Congress of Laibach]], which fixed European political borders for that period.<ref name="InfoIntro2">{{cite web |title=Introducing Ljubljana |url=http://www.ljubljana.si/en/about-ljubljana/ |access-date=31 October 2009 |archive-date=19 October 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091019132704/http://www.ljubljana.si/en/about-ljubljana/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last=Jarrett |first=Mark |title=The Congress of Vienna and its Legacy: War and Great Power Diplomacy after Napoleon |publisher=I. B. Tauris & Company, Limited |year=2013 |isbn=978-1-78076-116-9 |location=London}}</ref> The first train arrived in 1849 from Vienna and in 1857 the line extended to [[Trieste]].<ref name="Histo42" />

In 1895, Ljubljana, then a city of 31,000, suffered [[1895 Ljubljana earthquake|a severe earthquake]] with a [[moment magnitude scale|moment magnitude]] of 6.1 and a maximum [[European macroseismic scale|EMS intensity]] of VIII–IX ("heavily damaging – destructive").<ref name="ARSO1">{{cite web |url=https://potresi.arso.gov.si/doc/dokumenti/potresna_aktivnost/mocni_potresi_v_preteklosti.pdf |title=Potresna aktivnost v Sloveniji: Močni potresi v preteklosti |language=Slovenian |trans-title=Seismic Activity in Slovenia: Strong Earthquakes in the Past |work=Potresna aktivnost v Sloveniji [Seismic Activity in Slovenia] |publisher=Environmental Agency of the Republic of Slovenia |accessdate=15 May 2012 |archive-date=22 July 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130722151101/http://www.arso.gov.si/potresi/potresna%20aktivnost/Mo%c4%8dni_potresi_v_preteklosti.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref> 21 people died due to the earthquake and some 10% of the city's 1,400 buildings were destroyed.<ref name=ARSO-MPP>{{cite book |access-date=22 April 2024 |language=sl |title=Potresna aktivnost v Sloveniji: Močni potresi v preteklosti |trans-title=Seismic Activity in Slovenia: Strong Earthquakes in the Past |url=https://potresi.arso.gov.si/doc/dokumenti/potresna_aktivnost/mocni_potresi_v_preteklosti.pdf |archive-date=22 July 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130722151101/http://www.arso.gov.si/potresi/potresna%20aktivnost/Mo%c4%8dni_potresi_v_preteklosti.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="ARSO12">{{cite web |title=Potresna aktivnost v Sloveniji: Močni potresi v preteklosti |trans-title=Seismic Activity in Slovenia: Strong Earthquakes in the Past |url=http://www.arso.gov.si/potresi/potresna%20aktivnost/Mo%c4%8dni_potresi_v_preteklosti.pdf |access-date=15 May 2012 |work=Potresna aktivnost v Sloveniji [Seismic Activity in Slovenia] |publisher=Environmental Agency of the Republic of Slovenia |language=sl |archive-date=22 July 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130722151101/http://www.arso.gov.si/potresi/potresna%20aktivnost/Mo%c4%8dni_potresi_v_preteklosti.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref> During the subsequent reconstruction, some districts were rebuilt in the [[Vienna Secession]] style.<ref name="Histo42" /> Public [[Incandescent light bulb|electric lighting]] arrived in 1898. The rebuilding period between 1896 and 1910 is referred to as the "revival of Ljubljana" because of architectural changes that defined the city and for reform of urban administration, health, education and tourism. The rebuilding and quick modernisation of the city were led by the mayor [[Ivan Hribar]].<ref name="Histo42" />

In 1918, following the dissolution of [[Austria-Hungary]], the region joined the [[Kingdom of Yugoslavia|Kingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes]].<ref name="Artis2" /><ref name="Histo52">{{cite web |title=The Turbulent 20th Century |url=http://www.ljubljana.si/en/about-ljubljana/history/restless-20th-century/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100315121957/http://www.ljubljana.si/en/about-ljubljana/history/restless-20th-century/ |archive-date=15 March 2010 |access-date=31 October 2009}}</ref><ref>{{cite EB1922|wstitle=Yugoslavia|volume=32|page=1116}}</ref> In 1929, Ljubljana became the capital of the [[Drava Banovina]], a [[Kingdom of Yugoslavia|Yugoslav]] province.<ref name="banovina2">{{cite web |title=Dans la Yougoslavie des Karageorgévitch |url=http://www.clio.fr/CHRONOLOGIE/chronologie_slovenie_dans_la_yougoslavie_des_karageorgevitch.asp |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080412051038/http://www.clio.fr/CHRONOLOGIE/chronologie_slovenie_dans_la_yougoslavie_des_karageorgevitch.asp |archive-date=12 April 2008 |access-date=30 July 2008 |language=fr}}</ref>

In 1941, during [[World War II]], [[Kingdom of Italy#Fascist regime (1922–1943)|Fascist Italy]] occupied the city, and then on 3 May 1941 made ''Lubiana'' the capital of Italy's [[Province of Ljubljana]]<ref name="rodogno2">{{cite book |author=[[Davide Rodogno]] |title=Fascism's European empire: Italian occupation during the Second World War |publisher=[[Cambridge University Press]] |year=2006 |isbn=978-0-521-84515-1 |page=82}}</ref> with former Yugoslav general [[Leon Rupnik]] as mayor. After the Italian capitulation, [[Nazi Germany]] with SS-general [[Erwin Rösener]] and [[Friedrich Rainer]] took control in 1943,<ref name="Histo52" /> but formally the city remained the capital of an Italian province until 9 May 1945. In Ljubljana, the Axis forces established strongholds and command centres of [[Quisling]] organisations, the [[Anti-Communist Volunteer Militia]] under Italy and the [[Slovene Home Guard|Home Guard]] under German control. Starting in February 1942, [[Trail of Remembrance and Comradeship|the city was surrounded by barbed wire]], later fortified by [[bunker]]s, to prevent co-operation between the [[Liberation Front of the Slovene Nation|resistance movements]] that operated inside and outside the fence.<ref>{{cite news |last=Vurnik |first=Blaž |date=22 April 2016 |title=Kabinet čudes: Ljubljana v žičnem obroču |language=sl |trans-title=Cabinet of Curiosities: Ljubljana in the Barbed Wire Ring |newspaper=Delo.si |url=http://www.delo.si/znanje/izobrazevanje/kabinet-cudes-ljubljana-v-zicnem-obrocu.html |access-date=22 April 2016 |archive-date=23 April 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160423120445/http://www.delo.si/znanje/izobrazevanje/kabinet-cudes-ljubljana-v-zicnem-obrocu.html |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="60 let2">{{cite web |last1=Hudolin |first1=Gašper |last2=Kerševan |first2=Ana Nuša |year=2016 |title=Ljubljanske zgodbe: 60. obletnica Pohodov ob žici |trans-title=Ljubljana Stories: The 60th Anniversary of the Marches Along the Wire |url=http://www.mklj.si/ljubljanske-zgodbe/item/download/734_f72c43e3efd7223e45a53e9a72ae0597 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160508205104/http://www.mklj.si/ljubljanske-zgodbe/item/download/734_f72c43e3efd7223e45a53e9a72ae0597 |archive-date=8 May 2016 |access-date=22 April 2016 |publisher=Ljubljana Municipal Library |language=sl}}</ref> Since 1985, the [[Trail of Remembrance and Comradeship|commemorative trail]] has ringed the city where this iron fence once stood.<ref name="rideau fer2">{{in lang|sl|en}} {{cite web |title=The Trail of Remembrance and Comradeship |url=http://www.ljubljana-tourism.si/file/559602/2006-april-POT-SPOMINOV-IN-TOVARITVA-_2.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070926230004/http://www.ljubljana-tourism.si/file/559602/2006-april-POT-SPOMINOV-IN-TOVARITVA-_2.pdf |archive-date=26 September 2007 |access-date=30 July 2008}}</ref> Postwar reprisals filled [[Mass graves in Ljubljana|mass graves]].<ref name="Booker2">Booker, Christopher. 1997. ''A Looking-Glass Tragedy. The Controversy over the Repatriations From Austria In 1945.'' London: Gerald Duckworth & Co Ltd., p. 214.</ref><ref>Vuletić, Dominik. 2007. "Kaznenopravni i povijesni aspekti bleiburškog zločina." ''Pravnik'' 41(85): 125–150.</ref><ref name="Grahek2">{{Cite web |title=Grahek Ravančić, Martina. 2009. "Izručenja i sudbine zarobljenika smještenih u savezničkim logorima u svibnju 1945. Journal of Contemporary History 41(2): 391–416. |url=http://hrcak.srce.hr/file/74034 |access-date=10 February 2016 |archive-date=15 May 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210515215331/https://hrcak.srce.hr/file/74034 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="Ferenc2">Ferenc, Tone. 1999. "Šentvid." ''Enciklopedija Slovenije'', vol. 13 (Š–T). Ljubljana: Mladinska knjiga, p. 28.</ref>

After World War II, Ljubljana became the capital of the [[Socialist Republic of Slovenia]], part of the [[Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia]]. It retained this status until Slovene independence in 1991.<ref name="STAT112" />

===Contemporary situation===
Ljubljana is the capital of independent [[Slovenia]], which joined the [[European Union]] in 2004.<ref name="Histo52" />