Editing Lombard language (section)

=== From the 15th to the 17th century ===
[[File:Giovanni_Bressani.jpg|thumb|left|Giovanni Bressani, author of satirical poems in the Bergamo dialect]]

From the 15th century onwards, literary Tuscan began to supplant the use of northern vernaculars such as Lombard, even regardless of the fact that Lombard itself began to be heavily influenced by the Tuscan vernacular. Prior to that, the Lombard language was widely used in administrative spheres.<ref>Brown, Josh: ''Testimonianze Di Una Precoce Toscanizzazione Nelle Lettere Commerciali del Mercante Milanese Francesco Tanso (?-1398)'', Archivio Datini, Prato https://www.highbeam.com/doc/1G1-437059133.html {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180818052204/https://www.highbeam.com/doc/1G1-437059133.html |data=18 agosto 2018 }}</ref> Among those who favoured the strengthening of Tuscan influences over Lombard culture was the Duke of Milan Ludovico il Moro; during his reign he brought numerous men of culture from the Republic of Florence to the Sforza court, the most famous of whom was certainly Leonardo da Vinci.<ref>{{cite web|access-date=21 September 2017 |publisher=storico.org |title=Ludovico il Moro e l'età aurea della Grande Milano |url=http://www.storico.org/umanesimo_rinascimento/ludovico_moro.html}}<!-- auto-translated from Italian by Module:CS1 translator --></ref> At the same time, however, Lancino Curzio still wrote some works in Milanese dialect at the Sforza court.<ref>{{cite book|access-date=21 September 2017 |first=Mirko |last=Tavoni |title=Storia della lingua italiana. Il Quattrocento. |date=2015 |isbn=978-88-6292-538-9 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=OYbtCgAAQBAJ&dq=Lancino+Curti+dialetto+milanese&pg=PA153}}<!-- auto-translated from Italian by Module:CS1 translator --></ref>

Between the 15th and 16th centuries, the Lombard language was widely and actively discredited in Italian literary circles.  Tuscan writers and humanists such as [[Luigi Pulci]] and [[Benedetto Dei]] recorded aspects of the language spoken in Milan in the form of parodies;<ref>Mirko Tavoni, ''Storia della lingua italiana. Il Quattrocento'', Libreriauniversitaria.it Edizioni, 2015, p. 152</ref> similarly, the Asti-born writer Giorgio Alione parodied Milanese in his ''Commedia e farse carnovalesche nei dialetti astigiano, milanese e francese misti con latino barbaro'' (eng. "Comedy and carnival farces in the Asti, Milanese and French dialects mixed with barbaric Latin") composed at the end of the 15th century.<ref>{{Dizionario Biografico degli Italiani|gian-giorgio-alione|ALIONE, Gian Giorgio}}</ref> The Florentine humanist [[Lionardo Salviati|Leonardo Salviati]], one of the founders of the [[Accademia della Crusca]], an important Italian linguistic academy operating to this day, published a series of translations of a Boccaccian tale into various vernaculars (including Bergamo and Milanese) explicitly in order to demonstrate how ugly and awkward they were compared to Tuscan.<ref>Salviati, Leonardo: ''Degli Avvertimenti Della Lingua Sopra Il Decamerone'', Raillard, 1712</ref>

At the same time, the 15th century saw the first signs of a true Lombard literature: in the eastern parts of Lombardy, the Bergamo-born [[Giovanni Bressani]] composed numerous volumes of satirical poetry and  the Brescia-born Galeazzo dagli Orzi wrote his ''Massera da bé'', a sort of theatrical dialogue;<ref>{{cite book|access-date=21 September 2017 |first=Hermann |last=Haller |title=The Other Italy: The Literary Canon in Dialect |date=January 1999 |isbn=978-0-8020-4424-2 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_F4C4AXtLFIC&dq=Giovanni+Bressani+Galeazzo+dagli+Orzi&pg=PA106}}<!-- auto-translated from Italian by Module:CS1 translator --></ref> in the west of the region area, the Mannerist painter Giovanni Paolo Lomazzo lead the composition of the "arabesques" in the Accademia dei Facchini della Val di Blenio, a Milanese [[academy]] founded in 1560.<ref>{{Dizionario Biografico degli Italiani|giovanni-paolo-lomazzo|LOMAZZO, Giovanni Paolo}}</ref>

At the beginning of the 17th century, the Ossola native Giovanni Capis published the ''Varon milanes de la lengua de Milan'' (eng. "Varrone Milanese on the language of Milan"), a sort of etymological dictionary was published.<ref>{{cite book|access-date=21 September 2017 |first=Guglielmo |last=Stefani |title=Dizionario corografico del Novarese |date=November 2010 |isbn=978-88-488-1157-6 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=q7fAAgAAQBAJ&dq=Varon+Milanes+dizionario+etimologico&pg=PA65}}<!-- auto-translated from Italian by Module:CS1 translator --></ref> 
[[File:Meneghino - stampa ottocento.jpg|thumb|upright|Meneghino, a character from the Milanese theatre, who later became a mask of the commedia dell'arte]]

An example of a text in ancient Milanese dialect is this excerpt from ''Il falso filosofo'' (1698), act III, scene XIV, where [[Meneghino]], a traditional Milanese character from the [[commedia dell'arte]], presents himself in court (Lombard on the left,  Italian translation on the right):
{{Text and translation
| <poem>
«E mì interrogatus ghe responditt.
Sont Meneghin Tandœuggia,
Ciamæ par sora nomm el Tananan,
Del condamm Marchionn ditt el Sginsgiva;
Sont servitor del sior Pomponi Gonz,
C'al è trent agn che'l servj»
</poem>
| <poem>
E io interrogatus risposi:
Sono Meneghino Babbeo
chiamato per soprannome il Ciampichino
del fu Marchionne detto il Gengiva;
sono servitore del signor Pomponio Gonzo
che servo da trent'anni
</poem>
| Meneghino appears in court in "The False Philosopher" (1698), act III, scene XIV<ref>{{cite book|author=Carlo Maria Maggi |date=1701 |location=Milano |pages=100–101 |title=Comedie e rime in lingua milanese |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=kPQmkrFoPdYC&pg=PA100 |volume=2}}<!-- auto-translated from Italian by Module:CS1 translator --></ref>
}}

The 17th century also saw the rise of the figure of the playwright Carlo Maria Maggi, who normalised the spelling of the Milanese dialect and who created, among other things, the Milanese mask of Meneghino.<ref>Atlante del Sapere: ''Maschere italiane'', Edizioni Demetra, 2002, pag. 116</ref> A friend and correspondent of Maggi was Francesco De Lemene, author of La sposa Francesca (the first literary work in modern [[Lodi, Lombardy|Lodi]] dialect)<ref>De Lemene, Francesco: ''La Sposa Francesca'', Edizione curata da Dante Isella, Giulio Einaudi Editore, 1979.</ref> and of a translation of ''[[Jerusalem Delivered|Gerusalemme liberata]]''. Moreover, the 17th century saw the emergence of the first [[Bosinada|bosinade]]: popular poems written on loose sheets and posted in the squares or read (or even sung) in public; they were widely diffused until the first decades of the 20th century.<ref>Sapere.it: ''[http://www.sapere.it/enciclopedia/bosinada.html Bosinada]''</ref>