Editing Lubusz Land (section)

=== March of Brandenburg and Kingdom of Bohemia ===
{|class="infobox" style="width:300px; text-align:center; border-spacing:0"
|colspan="4" style="background-color:white;padding:0.4em"|[[File:Coat_of_arms_of_Lubusz_Land.svg|50px|left]]<br>'''Historical affiliations<br>of the Lubusz Land'''
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|colspan="4" style="width:100%; background-color:#fa796b;vertical-align:middle"|'''[[Civitas Schinesghe|Duchy of Poland]]'''<br>960s–1025<br>{{flagicon image|Alex K Kingdom of Poland-flag.svg}} '''[[Kingdom of Poland (1025–1385)|Kingdom of Poland]]'''<br>1025–1138
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|colspan="4" style="width:100%; background-color:#fba69d;vertical-align:middle"|Provincial duchies of [[Kingdom of Poland (1025–1385)|Poland]] during the fragmentation period (1138–1249):<br>
'''[[Duchy of Silesia]]''' 1138–1173<br>'''[[Duchy of Silesia|Duchy of Wrocław]]''' 1173–1177<br>'''[[Duchy of Głogów]]''' 1177–1181<br>'''[[Duchy of Silesia|Duchy of Wrocław]]''' 1181–1203<br>'''[[Duchy of Greater Poland]]''' 1203–1211<br>'''[[Duchy of Silesia|Duchy of Wrocław]]''' 1211–1218<br>'''[[Duchy of Greater Poland]]''' 1218–1230<br>'''[[Duchy of Silesia|Duchy of Wrocław]]''' 1230–1241<br>'''[[Duchy of Lubusz]]''' 1241–1242<br>[[File:POL województwo dolnośląskie COA.svg|16px]] '''[[Duchy of Silesia|Duchy of Wrocław]]''' 1242–1248<br>[[File:Arms of the duchy of Glogow.svg|16px]] '''[[Duchy of Legnica]]''' 1248–1249
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|colspan="4" style="width:100%; background-color:#D0E7FF;vertical-align:middle"|{{flagicon image|Brandenburg Flag 1340-1657 (new).svg}} '''[[Margraviate of Brandenburg]]'''<br>ca. 1250–1319
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|colspan="4" style="width:100%; vertical-align:middle"|Contested by [[Piast dynasty|Piasts]], [[House of Griffin|Griffins]], [[House of Ascania|Ascanians]] and [[House of Wittelsbach|Wittelsbachs]]<br>1319–1326
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|colspan="4" style="width:100%; background-color:#D0E7FF;vertical-align:middle"|{{flagicon image|Brandenburg Flag 1340-1657 (new).svg}} '''[[Margraviate of Brandenburg]]'''<br>1326–1356<br>{{flagicon image|Brandenburg Flag 1340-1657 (new).svg}} '''[[Electorate of Brandenburg]]'''<br>1356–1373
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|colspan="4" style="width:100%; background-color:darkkhaki;vertical-align:middle"|{{flagicon image|Flag of Bohemia.svg}} '''[[Lands of the Bohemian Crown|Bohemian Crown]]''', [[Electorate of Brandenburg]]
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|colspan="3" style="width:70%; background-color:darkkhaki;vertical-align:middle"|1373–1415
|colspan="1" rowspan="2" style="width:30%; background-color:#b3d7ff;vertical-align:middle"|{{flagicon image|Flag of the State of the Teutonic Order.svg}} '''[[State of the Teutonic Order|Teutonic Order]]'''<br>1402–1454
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|colspan="3" style="width:70%; background-color:#D0E7FF;vertical-align:middle"|{{flagicon image|Brandenburg Flag 1340-1657 (new).svg}} '''[[Electorate of Brandenburg]]'''<br>1415–1618
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|colspan="4" style="width:100%; background-color:#D0E7FF;vertical-align:middle"|{{flagicon image|Brandenburg Flag 1340-1657 (new).svg}} '''[[Brandenburg-Prussia]]'''<br>1618–1701
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|colspan="4" style="width:100%; background-color:#D0E7FF;vertical-align:middle"|'''{{flag|Kingdom of Prussia|1803}}'''<br>1701–1871
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|colspan="4" style="width:100%; background-color:lightblue;vertical-align:middle"|{{flagicon|German Empire}} '''[[German Empire|German Reich]]''', [[Kingdom of Prussia]]<br>1871–1918<br>{{flagicon|Weimar Republic}} '''[[Weimar Republic|German Reich]]''', [[Free State of Prussia]]<br>1919–1933<br>{{flagicon|Nazi Germany}} '''[[Nazi Germany|German Reich]]''', [[Free State of Prussia]]<br>1933–1945
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|colspan="2" style="width:45%; background-color:#b3d7ff;vertical-align:middle"|{{flag|Allied-occupied Germany}}, ''[[Soviet occupation zone]]''<br>1945-1949<br>'''{{flag|German Democratic Republic}}'''<br>1949–1990
|colspan="2" style="width:55%; background-color:#fa796b;vertical-align:middle"|'''{{flag|Polish People's Republic}}'''<br>1945–1989
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|colspan="2" style="width:45%; background-color:lightblue;vertical-align:middle"|'''{{flag|Federal Republic of Germany}}'''<br>1990–present
|colspan="2" style="width:55%; background-color:#fa796b;vertical-align:middle"|'''{{flag|Republic of Poland}}'''<br>1989–present<br><br>
|}
As to secular rule Lubusz Land was finally separated from Silesia, according to [[canon law]] however, the Lubusz diocese, comprising most of Lubusz Land, remained subordinate to the Gniezno [[Metropolis (religious jurisdiction)|metropolis]]. Meanwhile, the Brandenburg margraves forwarded the incorporation of Lubusz Land into their [[Neumark|New March]], created and expanded further to the northeast after the acquisition of the [[Santok]] castellany in 1296 on the forest areas between the [[Duchy of Pomerania]] and Greater Poland.

The Lebus bishops tried to maintain their affiliation with Poland and in 1276 therefore moved their residence east of the Oder river to [[Górzyca, Lubusz Voivodeship|Górzyca (Göritz upon Oder)]], an episcopal fief. When in 1319 the Brandenburg House of Ascania became extinct, the Lubusz Land became the subject of rivalry between the Piasts (duchies of [[Duchy of Jawor|Jawor]] and [[Duchy of Żagań|Żagań]]), [[House of Griffin|Griffins]] ([[Duchy of Pomerania]]) and the Ascanians ([[Duchy of Saxe-Wittenberg]]).<ref>{{cite journal|last=Rymar|first=Edward|year=1979|title=Rywalizacja o ziemię lubuską i kasztelanię międzyrzecką w latach 1319–1326, ze szczególnym uwzględnieniem stosunków pomorsko-śląskch|journal=Śląski Kwartalnik Historyczny Sobótka|publisher=[[Zakład Narodowy im. Ossolińskich]], Wydawnictwo [[Polish Academy of Sciences|Polskiej Akademii Nauk]]|location=Wrocław|language=pl|volume=XXXIV|issue=4|page=481}}</ref> In 1319, the region was captured by [[Wartislaw IV, Duke of Pomerania]], in 1320 a large portion passed to Duke [[Henry I of Jawor]], who tried to reclaim the Lubusz Land as region lost by his grandfather [[Bolesław II the Horned]], later that year the western part was conquered by [[Rudolf I, Duke of Saxe-Wittenberg]], and the eastern outskirts with [[Torzym]] were controlled by Duke [[Henry IV the Faithful]] of Żagań by 1322.<ref>Rymar, pp. 481, 485–486, 489</ref> In 1322–1323, there were heavy fights between Pomerania and Saxe-Wittenberg in the northern part of the region, around [[Kostrzyn nad Odrą]].<ref>Rymar, p. 489</ref>

After the [[Battle of Mühldorf]], the [[House of Wittelsbach]] took an interest in the region in 1323, and King [[Louis IV, Holy Roman Emperor|Louis IV the Bavarian]] decided to grant the Margraviate of Brandenburg with the Lubusz Land to his son [[Louis V, Duke of Bavaria|Louis V]].<ref name=er492>Rymar, p. 492</ref> The emergence of a new powerful rival prompted the previously warring parties to make peace with each other and cooperate.<ref name=er492/> Bavarian forces soon entered the region, but in October 1323 [[Pope John XXII]] called Louis IV to annul the grant of Brandenburg to Louis V, declaring it unlawful.<ref>Rymar, p. 493</ref> The Pope supported the dukes of Pomerania and Głogów and local bishop Stephen II, and urged the region's inhabitants to resist the Wittelsbachs.<ref>Rymar, pp. 493–494</ref> King [[Władysław I the Elbow-high]] of Poland also took the chance, allied with Bishop Stephen II and campaigned the Lubusz Land. In return the head of secular government in Lubusz, governor Erich of Wulkow, loyal to the new Brandenburg margrave Louis V, raided and captured the episcopal possessions in 1325, burning down the Górzyca cathedral. Bishop Stephen fled to Poland.

In 1354 Bishop Henry Bentsch reconciled with Margrave [[Louis VI the Roman|Louis II]] and the episcopal possessions were returned. The see of the bishopric returned to Lebus, where a new cathedral was built. In 1373 the diocese was again devastated by a Bohemian army, when Emperor [[Charles IV, Holy Roman Emperor|Charles IV of Luxembourg]] took the Brandenburg margraviate from the [[House of Wittelsbach]]. It became part of the [[Lands of the Bohemian Crown|Lands of the Bohemian (Czech) Crown]]. The see of the bishopric now moved to [[Fürstenwalde|Fürstenwalde (Przybór)]] ([[St Mary's Cathedral, Fürstenwalde]]). Polish monarchs still made peaceful attempts to regain the region. The northern part of the diocese of Lubusz, the [[Kostrzyn nad Odrą|Kostrzyn]] land, administratively became part of the [[New March]], a peripheral region for Czech rulers who were willing to sell it. In 1402, an agreement was reached in [[Kraków]] between them and the Poles, under which [[Crown of the Kingdom of Poland|Poland]] was purchase and reincorporate this region,<ref>{{cite book|last=Rogalski|first=Leon|year=1846|title=Dzieje Krzyżaków oraz ich stosunki z Polską, Litwą i Prussami, poprzedzone rysem dziejów wojen krzyżowych. Tom II|language=pl|location=Warszawa|pages=59–60}}</ref> however in the same year the Luxembourgs sold the region to the [[Teutonic Knights]], Poland's arch-enemy. In 1454, after the [[Thirteen Years’ War (1454–1466)|Thirteen Years’ War]] broke out, the Teutonic Knights sold the region to Brandenburg in order to raise funds for war against Poland. The bulk of the Lubusz Land remained part of the Bohemian (Czech) lands until 1415.
[[File:Dom St Marien - panoramio.jpg|thumb|left|[[St Mary's Cathedral, Fürstenwalde|St Mary's Cathedral in Fürstenwalde]], the last cathedral of the [[Bishopric of Lebus]]]]
In 1424 the Lebus bishopric became a suffragan of the Archdiocese of Magdeburg, finally leaving the Gniezno ecclesiastical province. In 1432, the Czech [[Hussites]] captured the city of [[Frankfurt (Oder)]].<ref>{{cite book|author=<!--Staff writer(s); no by-line.--> |title=Słownik geograficzny Królestwa Polskiego i innych krajów słowiańskich, Tom II|year=1881|language=pl|location=Warszawa|page=402}}</ref> In 1518 Bishop Dietrich von Bülow bought the secular lordship of [[Beeskow]]-[[Storkow, Brandenburg|Storkow]], in secular respect a Bohemian fief, in religious respect mostly no part of his diocese but of the [[Diocese of Meissen]].<ref>Dirk Schumann, ''Beeskow'' (<sup>1</sup>2001), Sibylle Badstübner-Gröger and Christine Herzog (collab.) for the Freundeskreis Schlösser und Gärten der Mark (ed.), slightly altered ed., Berlin: Deutsche Gesellschaft, <sup>2</sup>2006, (Schlösser und Gärten der Mark; part: Beeskow), p. 4. No ISBN</ref> The castle in [[Beeskow]] became the episcopal residence. The last Catholic bishop was [[Georg von Blumenthal]], who died in 1550 after a heroic non-military counter-reformatory campaign. However, when in 1547 Bishop Georg tried to recruit and arm troops in order to join the Catholic Imperial forces in the [[Smalkaldic War]], his vassal city of Beeskow refused to obey.

From 1555 the bishopric was secularised and became a [[Lutheranism|Lutheran]] diocese and the area east of the Oder was later called [[Eastern Brandenburg]]. In 1575 King [[Maximilian II, Holy Roman Emperor|Maximilian II of Bohemia]] granted the Beeskow lordship of the Lebus diocese to Brandenburg as a Bohemian [[fief]], which it remained until the [[First Silesian War]] in 1742.<ref>Dirk Schumann, ''Beeskow'' (<sup>1</sup>2001), Sibylle Badstübner-Gröger and Christine Herzog (collab.) for the Freundeskreis Schlösser und Gärten der Mark (ed.), slightly altered ed., Berlin: Deutsche Gesellschaft, <sup>2</sup>2006, (Schlösser und Gärten der Mark; part: Beeskow), p. 7. No ISBN</ref> When in 1598 the Magdeburg administrator [[Joachim Frederick, Elector of Brandenburg|Joachim Frederick of Hohenzollern]] became Elector of Brandenburg, all official links with Poland had long been cut.

In the 16th century, many Polish exports, including grain, wood, ash, tar and hemp, were floated from western Poland via [[Frankfurt (Oder)]] in Lubusz Land to the port of [[Szczecin]], with the high Brandenburgian customs duties on Polish goods lowered in the early 17th century.<ref>{{cite book|last=Rutkowski|first=Jan|title=Zarys gospodarczych dziejów Polski w czasach przedrozbiorowych|year=1923|language=pl|location=Poznań|pages=200–201}}</ref>