Editing Lute (section)

===Persian barbat===
{{multiple image|caption_align=center|header_align=center
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| image1 = Lute-family instrumentalist at Capella Palatina 2.jpg
| image2 =Lute-family instrumentalist at Capella Palatina.jpg
|image3=Maler der Geschichte von Bayâd und Riyâd cropped.jpg
|footer= (Left-two images) Oud-family instruments painted in the [[Cappella Palatina]] in Sicily, 12th century. [[Roger II of Sicily]] employed Muslim musicians in his court, and paintings show them playing a mixture of lute-like instruments, strung with 3, 4 and five courses of strings. (Right) 13th century A.D. image of an Oud, from the 12th century work [[Hadith Bayad wa Riyad|Bayâd und Riyâd]], a larger instrument than those in images at the Cappella Palatina
}}
Bactria and Gandhara became part of the [[Sasanian Empire]] (224–651). Under the Sasanians, a short almond-shaped lute from Bactria came to be called the [[barbat (lute)|barbat]] or barbud, which was developed into the later Islamic world's ''[[oud]]'' or ''ud''.<ref name=Iranica/> When the [[Moors]] conquered [[Al-Andalus|Andalusia]] in 711, they brought their ud or [[quitra]] along, into a country that had already known a lute tradition under the Romans, the [[pandura]].

During the 8th and 9th centuries, many musicians and artists from across the Islamic world flocked to Iberia.<ref name=Menocal>{{Citation|title=The Literature of Al-Andalus|editor1-last=Menocal |editor1-first=María Rosa |editor2-first=Raymond P. |editor2-last=Scheindlin |editor3-first=Michael Anthony |editor3-last=Sells |publisher=Cambridge University Press|year=2000}}</ref> Among them was [[Ziryab|Abu l-Hasan 'Ali Ibn Nafi']] (789–857),<ref name="Gill">{{cite book|last=Gill|first=John|title=Andalucia: A Cultural History|year=2008|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=978-01-95-37610-4|page=81|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=gGY2fSXko5kC&pg=PA81}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last=Lapidus|first=Ira M.|title=A History of Islamic Societies|year=2002|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn= 9780521779333|page=311|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=I3mVUEzm8xMC&pg=PA311}}</ref> a prominent musician, who had trained under [[Ishaq al-Mawsili]] (d. 850) in [[Baghdad]] and was exiled to Andalusia before 833. He taught and has been credited with adding a fifth string to his oud<ref name=Iranica/> and with establishing one of the first schools of [[music]] in [[Emirate of Córdoba|Córdoba]].<ref name="Davila?">{{cite journal|title=Fixing a Misbegotten Biography: Ziryab in the Mediterranean World|last=Davila |first=Carl|journal=Al-Masaq: Islam in the Medieval Mediterranean |volume=21 |number=2|year=2009 |pages=121–136 |doi=10.1080/09503110902875475|s2cid=161670287 }}</ref>

By the 11th century, Muslim Iberia had become a center for the manufacture of instruments. These goods spread gradually to [[Provence]], influencing French [[troubadour]]s and [[trouvères]] and eventually reaching the rest of Europe. While Europe developed the lute, the ''oud'' remained a central part of Arab music, and broader [[Ottoman Empire|Ottoman]] music, undergoing a range of transformations.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://oudmigrations.com/2016/03/08/journeys-of-ottoman-ouds/|title=The journeys of Ottoman ouds|date=2016-03-08|website=oudmigrations|access-date=2016-04-26}}</ref>

Beside the introduction of the lute to Spain ([[Al-Andalus|Andalusia]]) by the Moors, another important point of transfer of the lute from Arabian to European culture was [[Norman conquest of southern Italy|Sicily]], where it was brought either by Byzantine or later by Muslim musicians.<ref name=Cambridge>{{Cite book|editor-last1=Lawson|editor-first1=Colin|editor-last2=Stowell|editor-first2=Robin|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=TdmaBAAAQBAJ&dq=history%2520of%2520the%2520lute%2C%2520%2522roger%2520II%2522&pg=PT460|title=The Cambridge History of Musical Performance|date=2012-02-16|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=978-1-316-18442-4|language=en}}</ref> There were singer-lutenists at the court in [[Palermo]] after the Norman conquest of the island from the Muslims, and the lute is depicted extensively in the ceiling paintings in the Palermo's royal [[Cappella Palatina]], dedicated by the Norman King [[Roger II of Sicily]] in 1140.<ref name=Cambridge/> His [[Hohenstaufen]] grandson [[Frederick II, Holy Roman Emperor]] (1194–1250) continued integrating Muslims into his court, including Moorish musicians.<ref name=courtlylove>{{Cite book|last=Boase|first=Roger|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=IRC8AAAAIAAJ&dq=roger%2520ii%2C%2520court%2520musicians&pg=PA70|title=The Origin and Meaning of Courtly Love: A Critical Study of European Scholarship|date=1977|page=70|publisher=Manchester University Press|isbn=978-0-7190-0656-2|language=en}}</ref> Frederick II made visits to the [[Lech (river)|Lech valley]] and Bavaria between 1218 and 1237 with a "Moorish Sicilian retinue".<ref name=VEdw>{{cite web |url= http://www.vanedwards.co.uk/history1.htm|title= An Illustrated History of the Lute Part One |last= Edwards|first= Vane |website= vanedwards.co.uk|access-date= 4 April 2019 |quote= Bletschacher (1978) has argued that this was due largely to the royal visits of Friedrich II with his magnificent Moorish Sicilian retinue to the towns in this valley between 1218 and 1237. }}</ref> By the 14th century, lutes had spread throughout Italy and, probably because of the cultural influence of the Hohenstaufen kings and emperor, based in [[Palermo]], the lute had also made significant inroads into the German-speaking lands. By 1500, the valley and [[Füssen]] had several lute-making families, and in the next two centuries the area hosted "famous names of 16th and 17th century lutemaking".<ref name=VEdw2>{{cite web |url= http://www.vanedwards.co.uk/history2.htm|title= An Illustrated History of the Lute Part Two |last= Edwards|first= Vane |website= vanedwards.co.uk|access-date= 4 April 2019 |quote= By 1500 the first written records confirm the existence of several families making lutes as a trade in and around Füssen in the Lech valley. Most of the famous names of 16th and 17th century lutemaking seem to have come originally from around this small area of Southern Germany. By 1562 the Füssen makers were sufficiently well established to set up as a guild with elaborate regulations which have survived (see Bletschacher, 1978, and Layer, 1978). }}</ref>

Although the major entry of the short lute was in [[Western Europe]], leading to a variety of lute styles, the short lute entered Europe in the East as well; as early as the sixth century, the Bulgars brought the short-necked variety of the instrument called [[komuz]] to the Balkans.